Farnesoid x receptor agonists and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

Described herein are compounds that are farnesoid X receptor agonists, methods of making such compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and medicaments comprising such compounds, and methods of using such compounds in the treatment of conditions, diseases, or disorders associated with farnesoid X receptor activity.

CROSS-REFERENCE

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.16/886,642 filed on May 28, 2020, which is a continuation of Ser. No.16/494,264, filed on Sep. 13, 2019, which is the U.S. National StageEntry of International Application No. PCT/US2018/022489 filed on Mar.14, 2018, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 62/471,517 filed on Mar. 15, 2017, all of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Described herein are compounds that are farnesoid X receptor agonists,methods of making such compounds, pharmaceutical compositions andmedicaments comprising such compounds, and methods of using suchcompounds in the treatment of conditions, diseases, or disordersassociated with farnesoid X receptor activity.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor highly expressed in theliver, intestine, kidney, adrenal glands, and adipose tissue. FXRregulates a wide variety of target genes involved in the control of bileacid synthesis and transport, lipid metabolism, and glucose homeostasis.FXR agonism is a treatment modality for many metabolic disorders, liverdiseases or conditions, inflammatory conditions, gastrointestinaldiseases, or cell proliferation diseases.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, described herein are farnesoid X receptor agonists anduses thereof. In one aspect, described herein is a compound that has thestructure of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt orsolvate thereof.

wherein,

-   -   X¹ is CH or N;    -   R¹ is H, D, halogen, —CN, —OH, —SH, —N(R¹⁵)₂,        —NR¹⁵S(═O)₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl),        —S(═O)₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R¹⁵)₂, —OC(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl), —CO₂H,        —CO₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —C(═O)N(R¹⁵)₂, —NR¹⁵C(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl),        —NR¹⁵C(═O)O(C₁-C₄alkyl), —OC(═O)N(R¹⁵)₂, —NR¹⁵C(═O)N(R¹⁵)₂,        C₁-C₄alkyl, C₂-C₄alkenyl, C₂-C₄alkynyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy,        C₁-C₄deuteroalkyl, C₁-C₄deuteroalkoxy, C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl,        C₁-C₄fluoroalkoxy, C₁-C₄heteroalkyl, or substituted or        unsubstituted monocyclic C₂-C₅heterocycloalkyl;    -   X² is CR² or N;    -   R² is H, D, halogen, —CN, —OH, —SH, —N(R¹⁵)₂,        —NR¹⁵S(═O)₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl),        —S(═O)₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R¹⁵)₂, —OC(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl), —CO₂H,        —CO₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —C(═O)N(R¹⁵)₂, —NR¹⁵C(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl),        —NR¹⁵C(═O)O(C₁-C₄alkyl), —OC(═O)N(R¹⁵)₂, —NR¹⁵C(═O)N(R¹⁵)₂,        C₁-C₄alkyl, C₂-C₄alkenyl, C₂-C₄alkynyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy,        C₁-C₄deuteroalkyl, C₁-C₄deuteroalkoxy, C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl,        C₁-C₄fluoroalkoxy, or C₁-C₄heteroalkyl, or substituted or        unsubstituted monocyclic C₂-C₅heterocycloalkyl;    -   or R¹ and R² are taken together with the intervening atoms to        form a substituted or unsubstituted fused 5-membered ring or        substituted or unsubstituted fused 6-membered ring with 0-3 N        atoms and 0-2 O or S atoms in the ring;    -   X³ is CR³ or N;    -   R³ is H, D, halogen, —CN, —OH, —SH, —N(R¹⁵)₂,        —NR¹⁵S(═O)₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl),        —S(═O)₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R¹⁵)₂, —OC(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl), —CO₂H,        —CO₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —C(═O)N(R¹⁵)₂, —NR¹⁵C(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl),        C₁-C₄alkyl, C₂-C₄alkenyl, C₂-C₄alkynyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy,        C₁-C₄deuteroalkyl, C₁-C₄deuteroalkoxy, C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl,        C₁-C₄fluoroalkoxy, C₁-C₄heteroalkyl, or substituted or        unsubstituted monocyclic C₂-C₅heterocycloalkyl; each X⁴ is        independently CH or N;    -   R⁴ is H, D, F, or —CH₃;    -   R⁵ is H, D, F, or —CH₃;    -   or R⁴ and R⁵ are taken together to form a bridge that is —CH₂—        or —CH₂CH₂—;    -   each R⁶ is independently H, D, F, —OH, or —CH₃;        -   m is 0, 1, or 2;    -   R⁷ is H, D, halogen, —CN, —OH, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₂-C₄alkenyl,        C₂-C₄alkynyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy, C₁-C₄deuteroalkyl,        C₁-C₄deuteroalkoxy, C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl, C₁-C₄fluoroalkoxy, or        C₁-C₄heteroalkyl;    -   L is absent, —Y²-L¹-, -L¹-Y²—, cyclopropylene, cyclobutylene or        bicyclo[1.1.1]pentylene;        -   Y² is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, —S(═O)₂NR¹⁵—,            —CH₂—, —CH═CH—, —C≡C—, —C(═O)—, —C(═O)O—, —OC(═O)—,            —OC(═O)O—, —C(═O)NR¹⁵—, —NR¹⁵C(═O)—, —OC(═O)NR¹⁵—,            —NR¹⁵C(═O)O—, —NR¹⁵C(═O)NR¹⁵—, —NR¹⁵S(═O)₂—, or —NR¹⁵—;        -   L¹ is absent or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄alkylene;    -   X⁵ is NR⁸ or N;    -   R⁸ is H, D, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆deuteroalkyl, C₁-C₆fluoroalkyl,        C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, —C(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl), —CO₂(C₁-C₄alkyl),        —C(═O)N(R¹⁵)₂, —S(═O)₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R¹⁵)₂, substituted        or unsubstituted C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, or substituted or        unsubstituted monocyclic C₂-C₆heterocycloalkyl, substituted or        unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic        heteroaryl;    -   R⁹ is H, D, F or —CH₃;    -   Y is —CR¹⁰R¹¹—, —O—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, or —NR¹⁷—;    -   R¹⁰ is H, D, halogen, —CN, —OH, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₄alkenyl,        C₂-C₄alkynyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆fluoroalkyl, —SR¹², —S(═O)R¹⁴,        —S(═O)₂R¹⁴, or —N(R¹²)₂;    -   R¹¹ is H, D, F or —CH₃;    -   or R⁹ and R¹¹ are taken together to form a bridge that is —CH₂—        or —CH₂CH₂—;    -   each R¹² is independently H, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄deuteroalkyl,        C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl, C₁-C₄heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted        C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted        C₂-C₆heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl,        substituted or unsubstituted benzyl, substituted or        unsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl;    -   R¹⁴ is C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄deuteroalkyl, C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl,        C₁-C₄heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆cycloalkyl,        substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆heterocycloalkyl, substituted        or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted benzyl, or        substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl;    -   R¹⁵ is H or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆alkyl;    -   each R¹⁶ is independently H, D, halogen, —CN, —OH, —N(R¹⁵)₂,        —NR¹⁵S(═O)₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl),        —S(═O)₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —C(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl), —OC(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl),        —CO₂H, —CO₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —NR¹⁵C(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl), —C(═O)N(R⁵)₂,        —NR¹⁵C(═O)O(C₁-C₄alkyl), —OC(═O)N(R¹⁵)₂, C₁-C₄alkyl,        C₂-C₄alkenyl, C₂-C₄alkynyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy, C₁-C₄deuteroalkyl,        C₁-C₄deuteroalkoxy, C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl, C₁-C₄fluoroalkoxy,        C₁-C₄heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆cycloalkyl,        substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic C₂-C₆heterocycloalkyl,        substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or        unsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl;    -   n is 0, 1, or 2;    -   R¹⁷ is -L-R¹⁴; and        -   L⁵ is absent, —S(═O)₂—, —C(═O)—, —CO₂—, or —C(═O)N(R⁵)—.

Any combination of the groups described above for the various variablesis contemplated herein. Throughout the specification, groups andsubstituents thereof are chosen by one skilled in the field to providestable moieties and compounds.

In one aspect, described herein is a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt, or solvate thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptableexcipient. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition isformulated for administration to a mammal by intravenous administration,subcutaneous administration, oral administration, inhalation, nasaladministration, dermal administration, or ophthalmic administration. Insome embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated foradministration to a mammal by intravenous administration, subcutaneousadministration, or oral administration. In some embodiments, thepharmaceutical composition is formulated for administration to a mammalby oral administration. In some embodiments, the pharmaceuticalcomposition is in the form of a tablet, a pill, a capsule, a liquid, asuspension, a gel, a dispersion, a solution, an emulsion, an ointment,or a lotion. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is inthe form of a tablet, a pill, or a capsule.

In another aspect, described herein is a method of treating a disease orcondition in a mammal that would benefit from FXR agonism comprisingadministering a compound as described herein, or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, or solvate thereof, to the mammal in need thereof. Insome embodiments, the disease or condition is a metabolic condition. Insome embodiments, the disease or condition is a liver condition.

In some embodiments, the compound is administered to the mammal byintravenous administration, subcutaneous administration, oraladministration, inhalation, nasal administration, dermal administration,or ophthalmic administration.

In one aspect, described herein is a method of treating or preventingany one of the diseases or conditions described herein comprisingadministering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound describedherein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof, to amammal in need thereof.

In one aspect, described herein is a method for the treatment orprevention of a metabolic or liver condition in a mammal comprisingadministering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound describedherein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof, tothe mammal in need thereof. In other embodiments, the metabolic or livercondition is amenable to treatment with a FXR agonist. In someembodiments, the method further comprises administering a secondtherapeutic agent to the mammal in addition to the compound describedherein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof.

In one aspect, described herein is a method of treating or preventing aliver disease or condition in a mammal, comprising administering to themammal a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltor solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the liver disease or conditionis an alcoholic or non-alcoholic liver disease. In some embodiments, theliver disease or condition is primary biliary cirrhosis, primarysclerosing cholangitis, cholestasis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH), or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In someembodiments, the alcoholic liver disease or condition is fatty liver(steatosis), cirrhosis, or alcoholic hepatitis. In some embodiments, thenon-alcoholic liver disease or condition is nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH), or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In someembodiments, the non-alcoholic liver disease or condition isnonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In some embodiments, thenon-alcoholic liver disease or condition is nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH) and is accompanied by liver fibrosis. In some embodiments, thenon-alcoholic liver disease or condition is nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH) without liver fibrosis. In some embodiments, the non-alcoholicliver disease or condition is intrahepatic cholestasis or extrahepaticcholestasis.

In one aspect, described herein is a method of treating or preventing aliver fibrosis in a mammal, comprising administering to the mammal acompound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt orsolvate thereof. In some embodiments, the mammal is diagnosed withhepatitis C virus (HCV), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), primarysclerosing cholangitis (PSC), cirrhosis, Wilson's disease, hepatitis Bvirus (HBV), HIV associated steatohepatitis and cirrhosis, chronic viralhepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholicsteatohepatitis (ASH), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), primarybiliary cirrhosis (PBC), or biliary cirrhosis. In some embodiments, themammal is diagnosed with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).

In one aspect, described herein is a method of treating or preventing aliver inflammation in a mammal, comprising administering to the mammal acompound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt orsolvate thereof. In some embodiments, the mammal is diagnosed withhepatitis C virus (HCV), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), primarysclerosing cholangitis (PSC), cirrhosis, Wilson's disease, hepatitis Bvirus (HBV), HIV associated steatohepatitis and cirrhosis, chronic viralhepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholicsteatohepatitis (ASH), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), primarybiliary cirrhosis (PBC), or biliary cirrhosis. In some embodiments, themammal is diagnosed with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In someembodiments, the liver inflammation is associated with inflammation inthe gastrointestinal tract. In some embodiments, the mammal is diagnosedwith inflammatory bowel disease.

In one aspect, described herein is a method of treating or preventing agastrointestinal disease or condition in a mammal, comprisingadministering to the mammal a compound of Formula (I), or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In someembodiments, the gastrointestinal disease or condition is necrotizingenterocolitis, gastritis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease,inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, gastroenteritis,radiation induced enteritis, pseudomembranous colitis, chemotherapyinduced enteritis, gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), pepticulcer, non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD), celiac disease, intestinal celiacdisease, post-surgical inflammation, gastric carcinogenesis, graftversus host disease or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, thegastrointestinal disease is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), irritablebowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D), irritable bowel syndrome withconstipation (IBS-C), mixed IBS (IBS-M), unsubtyped IBS (IBS-U), or bileacid diarrhea (BAD)

In one aspect, described herein is a method of treating or preventing adisease or condition in a mammal that would benefit from treatment witha FXR agonist, comprising administering to the mammal a compound ofFormula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.In some embodiments, the methods described herein further compriseadministering at least one additional therapeutic agent in addition tothe compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt orsolvate thereof.

In any of the aforementioned aspects are further embodiments in whichthe effective amount of the compound described herein, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is: (a) systemicallyadministered to the mammal; and/or (b) administered orally to themammal; and/or (c) intravenously administered to the mammal; and/or (d)administered by inhalation; and/or (e) administered by nasaladministration; or and/or (f) administered by injection to the mammal;and/or (g) administered topically to the mammal; and/or (h) administeredby ophthalmic administration; and/or (i) administered rectally to themammal; and/or (j) administered non-systemically or locally to themammal.

In any of the aforementioned aspects are further embodiments comprisingsingle administrations of the effective amount of the compound,including further embodiments in which the compound is administered oncea day to the mammal or the compound is administered to the mammalmultiple times over the span of one day. In some embodiments, thecompound is administered on a continuous dosing schedule. In someembodiments, the compound is administered on a continuous daily dosingschedule.

In any of the aforementioned aspects involving the treatment of adisease or condition are further embodiments comprising administering atleast one additional agent in addition to the administration of acompound of Formula (I) described herein, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof. In various embodiments, each agent isadministered in any order, including simultaneously.

In any of the embodiments disclosed herein, the mammal or subject is ahuman.

In some embodiments, compounds provided herein are administered to ahuman.

In some embodiments, compounds provided herein are orally administered.

In some embodiments, described herein is method of treating orpreventing a metabolic disorder in a subject, comprising: administeringto a gastrointestinal tract of the subject a therapeutically effectiveamount of one or more of the compounds described herein, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, thereby activatingfamesoid X receptors (FXR) in the intestines, and treating or preventinga metabolic disorder in the subject. In some embodiments, the compound'sabsorption is preferentially restricted to within the intestines. Insome embodiments, the method substantially enhances FXR target geneexpression in the intestines while not substantially enhancing FXRtarget gene expression in the liver or kidney. In some embodiments, themethod substantially enhances FXR target gene expression in theintestines while minimizing systemic plasma levels of the deliveredcompound. In some embodiments, the method substantially enhances FXRtarget gene expression in the intestines and the liver while minimizingsystemic plasma levels of the delivered compound. In some embodiments,the method substantially enhances FXR target gene expression in theintestines while not substantially enhancing FXR target gene expressionin the liver or kidney, and while minimizing systemic plasma levels. Insome embodiments, the method substantially enhances FXR target geneexpression in the intestines and the liver and provides sustainedsystemic plasma levels of the delivered compound. In some embodiments,the method reduces or prevents diet-induced weight gain. In someembodiments, the method increases a metabolic rate in the subject. Insome embodiments, the increasing the metabolic rate comprises enhancingoxidative phosphorylation in the subject. In some embodiments, themethod further comprises improving glucose and/or lipid homeostasis inthe subject. In some embodiments, the method results in no substantialchange in food intake and/or fat consumption in the subject. In someembodiments, the method results in no substantial change in appetite inthe subject. In some embodiments, the metabolic disorder is selectedfrom obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia or anycombination thereof. In some embodiments, the metabolic disorder isnon-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. In some embodiments, the methodprotects against diet-induced weight gain, reduces inflammation,enhances thermogenesis, enhances insulin sensitivity in the liver,reduces hepatic steatosis, promotes activation of BAT, decreases bloodglucose, increases weight loss, or any combination thereof. In someembodiments, the method enhances insulin sensitivity in the liver andpromotes brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation. In some embodiments, themethod further comprises administering to the subject an insulinsensitizing drug, an insulin secretagogue, an alpha-glucosidaseinhibitor, a glucagon-like peptide (GLP) agonist, a dipeptidylpeptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, nicotinamide ribonucleoside, an analog ofnicotinamide ribonucleoside, or combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, described herein is a method of treating orpreventing inflammation in an intestinal region of a subject,comprising: administering to a gastrointestinal tract of the subject atherapeutically effective amount of one or more of the compoundsdescribed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvatethereof, thereby activating FXR receptors in the intestines, and therebytreating or preventing inflammation in the intestinal region of thesubject. In some embodiments, the compound's absorption ispreferentially restricted to within the intestines. In some embodiments,the method substantially enhances FXR target gene expression in theintestines while not substantially enhancing FXR target gene expressionin the liver or kidney. In some embodiments, the inflammation isassociated with a clinical condition selected from necrotizingenterocolitis, gastritis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease,inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, gastroenteritis,radiation induced enteritis, pseudomembranous colitis, chemotherapyinduced enteritis, gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), pepticulcer, non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD), celiac disease, intestinal celiacdisease, post-surgical inflammation, gastric carcinogenesis or anycombination thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more FXR targetgenes comprises IBABP, OSTα, Perl, FGF15, FGF19, SHP or combinationsthereof. In some embodiments, the method further comprises administeringa therapeutically effective amount of an antibiotic therapy to thesubject, wherein the method treats or prevents inflammation associatedwith pseudomembranous colitis in the subject. In some embodiments, themethod further comprises administering to the subject a therapeuticallyeffective amount of an oral corticosteroid, other anti-inflammatory orimmunomodulatory therapy, nicotinamide ribonucleoside, an analog ofnicotinamide ribonucleoside, or combinations thereof. In someembodiments, the method increases HSL phosphorylation and β3-adrenergicreceptor expression. In some embodiments, a serum concentration of thecompound in the subject remains below its EC₅₀ following administrationof the compound.

In some embodiments, described herein is a method of treating orpreventing a cell proliferation disease in a subject, comprisingadministering to a gastrointestinal tract of the subject atherapeutically effective amount of one or more of the compoundsdescribed herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvatethereof. In some embodiments, the cell proliferation disease is anadenocarcinoma. In some embodiments, the adenocarcinoma is a coloncancer. In some embodiments, the treating the adenocarcinoma reduces thesize of the adenocarcinoma, the volume of the adenocarcinoma, the numberof adenocarcinomas, cachexia due to the adenocarcinoma, delaysprogression of the adenocarcinoma, increases survival of the subject, orcombinations thereof. In some embodiments, the method further comprisesadministering to the subject an additional therapeutic compound selectedfrom the group consisting of a chemotherapeutic, a biologic, aradiotherapeutic, or combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, described herein is a method of treating orpreventing a liver disease or condition in a subject, comprisingadministering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of oneor more of the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the liverdisease or condition is an alcoholic or non-alcoholic liver disease. Insome embodiments, the liver disease or condition is primary biliarycirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, cholestasis, nonalcoholicsteatohepatitis (NASH), or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Insome embodiments, the alcoholic liver disease or condition is fattyliver (steatosis), cirrhosis, or alcoholic hepatitis. In someembodiments, the non-alcoholic liver disease or condition isnonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD). In some embodiments, the non-alcoholic liver disease orcondition is intrahepatic cholestasis or extrahepatic cholestasis.

Articles of manufacture, which include packaging material, a compounddescribed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, withinthe packaging material, and a label that indicates that the compound orcomposition, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceuticallyactive metabolite, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, orpharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, is used for the treatment,prevention or amelioration of one or more symptoms of a disease orcondition that would benefit from FXR agonism, are provided.

Other objects, features and advantages of the compounds, methods andcompositions described herein will become apparent from the followingdetailed description. It should be understood, however, that thedetailed description and the specific examples, while indicatingspecific embodiments, are given by way of illustration only, sincevarious changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of theinstant disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art fromthis detailed description.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The nuclear hormone receptor farnesoid X receptor (also known as FXR ornuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 4 (NR1H4)) (OMIM: 603826)functions as a regulator for bile acid metabolism. FXR is aligand-activated transcriptional receptor expressed in diverse tissuesincluding the adrenal gland, kidney, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum,colon, gall bladder, liver, macrophages, and white and brown adiposetissue. FXRs are highly expressed in tissues that participate in bileacid metabolism such as the liver, intestines, and kidneys. Bile acidsfunction as endogenous ligands for FXR such that enteric and systemicrelease of bile acids induces FXR-directed changes in gene expressionnetworks. Bile acids are the primary oxidation product of cholesterol,and in some cases, upon secretion into the intestines, are regulators ofcholesterol absorption. The rate-limiting step for conversion ofcholesterol into bile acids is catalyzed by cytochrome p450 enzymecholesterol 7-α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and occurs in the liver. Thecytochrome p450 enzyme sterol 12-α-hydroxylase (CYP8B1) mediatesproduction of cholic acid and determines the relative amounts of the twoprimary bile acids, cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid. Activation ofFXR can represses the transcription of CYP7A1 and CYP8B1 by increasingthe expression level of the hepatic small heterodimer partner (SHP)(also known as nuclear receptor subfamily 0, group B, member 2; orNR0B2) and intestinal expression of fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15)in mice and fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) in human. SHP repressesthe liver receptor homolog (LRH-1) and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha(HNFa4), transcription factors that regulate CYP7A1 and CYP8B1 geneexpression. CYP8B1 repression by FXR can be species-specific and FXRactivation may in some cases increase CYP8B1 expression in humans(Sanyal et al PNAS, 2007, 104, 15665). In some cases, FGF15/19 releasedfrom the intestine then activates the fibroblast growth factor receptor4 in the liver, leading to activation of the mitogen-activated proteinkinase (MAPK) signaling pathway which suppress CYP7A1 and CYP8B1.

In some embodiments, elevated levels of bile acids have been associatedwith insulin resistance. For example, insulin resistance sometimes leadsto a decreased uptake of glucose from the blood and increased de novoglucose production in the liver. In some instances, intestinalsequestration of bile acids has been shown to improve insulin resistanceby promoting the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) fromintestinal L-cells. GLP-1 is an incretin derived from the transcriptionproduct of the proglucagon gene. It is released in response to theintake of food and exerts control in appetite and gastrointestinalfunction and promotes insulin secretion from the pancreas. Thebiologically active forms of GLP-1 include GLP-1-(7-37) andGLP-1-(7-36)NH₂, which result from selective cleavage of the proglucagonmolecule. In such cases, activation of FXR leading to decreasedproduction of bile acids correlates to a decrease in insulin resistance.

In some embodiments, the activation of FXR also correlates to thesecretion of pancreatic polypeptide-fold such as peptide YY (PYY orPYY3-36). In some instances, peptide YY is a gut hormone peptide thatmodulates neuronal activity within the hypothalamic and brainstem,regions of the brain involved in reward processing. In some instances,reduced level of PYY correlates to increased appetite and weight gain.

In some instances, the activation of FXR indirectly leads to a reductionof plasma triglycerides. The clearance of triglycerides from thebloodstream is due to lipoprotein lipase (LPL). LPL activity is enhancedby the induction of its activator apolipoprotein CII, and the repressionof its inhibitor apolipoprotein CIII in the liver occurs upon FXRactivation.

In some cases, the activation of FXR further modulates energyexpenditure such as adipocyte differentiation and function. Adiposetissue comprises adipocytes or fat cells. In some instances, adipocytesare further differentiated into brown adipose tissue (BAT) or whiteadipose tissue (WAT). The function of BAT is to generate body heat,while WAT functions as fat storing tissues.

In some instances, FXR is widely expressed in the intestine. In somecases, the activation of FXR has been shown to induce the expression andsecretion of FGF19 (or FGF15 in mouse) in the intestine. FGF19 is ahormone that regulates bile acid synthesis as well as exerts an effecton glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and on energy expenditure. Insome instances, FGF19 has also been observed to modulate adipocytefunction and differentiation. Indeed, a study has shown that theadministration of FGF19 to high-fat diet-fed mice increased energyexpenditure, modulated adipocytes differentiation and function, reversedweight gain, and improved insulin resistance (see, Fu et al.,“Fibroblast growth factor 19 increases metabolic rate and reversesdietary and leptin-deficient diabetes.” Endocrinology 145:2594-2603(2004)).

In some cases, intestinal FXR activity has also been shown to beinvolved in reducing overgrowth of the microbiome, such as duringfeeding (Li et al., Nat Commun 4:2384, 2013). For example, a study hadshown that activation of FXR correlated with increased expression ofseveral genes in the ileum such as Ang2, iNos, and 1118, which haveestablished antimicrobial actions (Inagaki et al., Proc Natl Acad SciUSA 103:3920-3925, 2006).

In some cases, FXR has been implicated in barrier function and immunemodulation in the intestine. FXR modulates transcription of genesinvolved in bile salt synthesis, transport and metabolism in the liverand intestine, and in some cases has been shown to lead to improvementsin intestinal inflammation and prevention of bacterial translocationinto the intestinal tract (Gadaleta et al., Gut. 2011 April:604):463-72).

In some cases, over production of bile acids or improper transport andre-cycling of bile acids can lead to diarrhea. FXR modulatestranscription of genes involved in bile salt synthesis, transport andmetabolism in the liver and intestine, and in some cases may lead toimprovements in diarrhea Camilleri, Gut Liver. 2015 May; 9(3): 332-339.

G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (also known as GPBAR2, GPCR19,membrane-type receptor for bile acids or M-BAR, or TGR5) is a cellsurface receptor for bile acids. Upon activation with bile acid, TGR5induces the production of intracellular cAMP, which then triggers anincrease in triiodothyronine due to the activation of deiodinase (DIO2)in BAT, resulting in increased energy expenditure.

Hence in some embodiments, regulation of metabolic processes such asbile acid synthesis, bile-acid circulation, glucose metabolism, lipidmetabolism, or insulin sensitivity is modulated by the activation ofFXR. Furthermore, in some embodiments, dis-regulation of metabolicprocesses such as bile acid synthesis, bile-acid circulation, glucosemetabolism, lipid metabolism, or insulin sensitivity results inmetabolic diseases such as diabetes or diabetes-related conditions ordisorders, alcoholic or non-alcoholic liver disease or condition,intestinal inflammation, or cell proliferative disorders.

Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, are compounds that haveactivity as FXR agonists. In some embodiments, the FXR agonistsdescribed herein are structurally distinct from bile acids, othersynthetic FXR ligands, and other natural FXR ligands.

In some embodiments, also disclosed herein are methods of treating orpreventing a metabolic disorder, such as diabetes, obesity, impairedglucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, or insulin resistance by administeringa therapeutically effective amount of an FXR agonist. In some instances,the compounds are administered to the GI tract of a subject.

In additional embodiments, disclosed herein are methods for treating orpreventing alcoholic or non-alcoholic liver disease or conditions (e.g.,cholestasis, primary biliary cirrhosis, steatosis, cirrhosis, alcoholichepatitis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), non-alcoholic fattyliver disease (NAFLD), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) or elevatedliver enzymes) by administering a therapeutically effective amount of anFXR agonist to a subject in need thereof (e.g., via the GI tract). Inadditional embodiments, disclosed herein include methods for treating orpreventing cholestasis, cirrhosis, primary biliary cirrhosis,non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD), or primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) by administering atherapeutically effective amount of an FXR agonist to a subject in needthereof. In some embodiments, disclosed herein include methods fortreating or preventing cholestasis by administering a therapeuticallyeffective amount of an FXR agonist to a subject in need thereof. In someembodiments, disclosed herein include methods for treating or preventingprimary biliary cirrhosis by administering a therapeutically effectiveamount of an FXR agonist to a subject in need thereof. In someembodiments, disclosed herein include methods for treating or preventingNASH by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an FXRagonist to a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, disclosedherein include methods for treating or preventing NAFLD by administeringa therapeutically effective amount of an FXR agonist to a subject inneed thereof.

In further embodiments, disclosed herein include methods for treating orpreventing inflammation in the intestines and/or a cell proliferativedisorder, such as cancer, by administering a therapeutically effectiveamount of an FXR agonist to a subject in need thereof (e.g., via the GItract).

In still further embodiments, disclosed herein include FXR agonists thatmodulate one or more of the proteins or genes associated with ametabolic process such as bile acid synthesis, glucose metabolism, lipidmetabolism, or insulin sensitivity, such as for example, increase in theactivity of FGF19 (FGF15 in mouse), increase in the secretion of GLP-1,or increase in the secretion of PYY.

Metabolic Disorders

Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, are methods of treating ametabolic disorder in a subject in need thereof. Also described hereininclude methods of preventing a metabolic disorder in a subject in needthereof. In some instances, these methods include administering to thesubject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of one ormore of the compounds disclosed herein. In some instances, the one ormore compounds disclosed herein are absorbed in the gastrointestinal(GI) tract. In additional instances, the one or more disclosed compoundsabsorbed in the GI tract activates FXR receptors thereby treating orpreventing a metabolic disorder in the subject.

In some embodiments, the disclosed compounds demonstrate systemicexposure. In some instances, the disclosed compounds have local exposurein the intestines, but limited exposure in the liver or systemically. Insome embodiments, local exposure of the disclosed compounds in theintestines may be demonstrated by regulation of FXR target genes in theintestines. In some embodiments, the target genes may include: SHP,FGF19 (FGF15), IBABP, C3, OST α/β. In some embodiments, exposure of thedisclosed compounds is about 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%,85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, 99.5%, or more in the intestines. In some instances,exposure of the disclosed compounds is about 0.5%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%,20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, or less in the systemic circulation. In someembodiments, the exposure of the FXR agonists in the intestinal lumenreduces the chance of side effects which results from systemic action,thereby improving the safety profile of the therapy. In additionalembodiments, the disclosed compounds enhance FXR target gene expressionin the intestines. In additional embodiments, the disclosed compoundsfurther modulate gene expressions in the FXR-mediated pathway, such asfor example, FGF19 (FGF15) which inhibits CYP7A1 and CYP8B1 geneexpression in the liver. In some instances, the disclosed compoundsenhance gene expression in the FXR-mediated pathway. In other instances,the disclosed compounds reduce or inhibit gene expression in theFXR-mediated pathway. In some instances, enhancing is about 1%, 5%, 10%,15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 200%, 300%,500%, 1,000%, 5,000%, 10,000%, 50,000%, 100,000%, 500,000%, or higher ingene expression in the intestines, liver, kidney, or other tissuesrelative to the gene expression in the absence of the disclosedcompound. In some cases, reducing is about 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%,50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 1%, or less in gene expression inthe intestines, liver, kidney, or other tissues relative to the geneexpression in the absence of the disclosed compound.

In some embodiments, the method substantially enhances FXR target geneexpression in the intestines while minimizing systemic plasma levels ofthe delivered compound. In some embodiments, the method substantiallyenhances FXR target gene expression in the intestines and the liverwhile minimizing systemic plasma levels of the delivered compound. Insome embodiments, the method substantially enhances FXR target geneexpression in the intestines while not substantially enhancing FXRtarget gene expression in the liver or kidney, and while minimizingsystemic plasma levels. In some embodiments, the method substantiallyenhances FXR target gene expression in the intestines and the liver andprovides sustained systemic plasma levels of the delivered compound.

In some embodiments, metabolic disorder refers to any disorder thatinvolves an alteration in the normal metabolism of carbohydrates,lipids, proteins, nucleic acids or a combination thereof. In someinstances, a metabolic disorder is associated with either a deficiencyor excess in a metabolic pathway resulting in an imbalance in metabolismof nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and/or carbohydrates. Factorsaffecting metabolism include, but are not limited to, the endocrine(hormonal) control system (e.g., the insulin pathway, theenteroendocrine hormones including GLP-1, oxyntomodulin, PYY or thelike), or the neural control system (e.g., GLP-1 in the brain).Exemplary metabolic disorders include, but are not limited to, diabetes,insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, liver disease, inflammation relatedintestinal conditions, cell proliferative disorders, or the like.

Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetes-Related Conditions or Disorders

In some embodiments, disclosed herein are methods of treating a subjecthaving diabetes mellitus or diabetes-related condition or disorder withadministration of a FXR agonist described herein. In some instances,diabetes is type II diabetes or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus(NIDDM). In some instances, diabetes-related conditions or disordersinclude obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, and insulinresistance. In some instances, diabetes-related conditions or disordersfurther include secondary complications such as atherosclerosis, stroke,fatty liver disease, blindness, gallbladder disease, or polycystic ovarydisease. In some cases, a FXR agonist is administered for the treatmentof type II diabetes, obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia,insulin resistance, or secondary complications such as atherosclerosis,stroke, fatty liver disease, blindness, gallbladder disease, orpolycystic ovary disease.

In some embodiments, a diabetic subject (e.g., a type II diabeticsubject) is further characterized with a body mass index (BMI) of 25 orgreater, 30 or greater, 35 or greater, 40 or greater, such as a BMI of25 to 29, 30 to 34, or 35 to 40.

In some examples, a FXR agonist described herein reduces or preventsweight gain in a subject. In some instances, the weight gain isdiet-induced weight gain. In other instances, the weight gain isnon-diet-related, such as familial/genetic obesity or obesity resultingfrom medication. In some examples, such methods reduce or prevent weightgain in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more. In someinstances, weight gain is reduced or prevented by about 5% to about 50%,by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% toabout 30%. In some cases, the reduction or prevention of weight gain isrelative to the reduction or prevention of weight gain observed in asubject not treated with the FXR agonist.

Similarly, in some cases, the FXR agonist reduces the BMI of a subject.In some examples, such methods reduce the BMI of a subject by at least5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least30%, or more, relative to a subject not treated with the FXR agonist. Insome instances, the subject is overweight but not obese. In otherinstances, the subject is neither overweight nor obese.

In some instances, administration of a FXR agonist results in a decreasein the amount of serum lipids. In some examples, the decrease in theamount of serum lipids is by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, atleast 20%, at least 30%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, atleast 75%, or more. In some cases, the decrease in the amount of serumlipids is by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about10% to about 20%, by about 10% to about 70%, or by about 10% to about30%. In some cases, the decrease in the amount of serum lipids isrelative to the amount of serum lipids observed in a subject not treatedwith the FXR agonist.

In some examples, administration of a FXR agonist results in a decreasein triglyceride (e.g., hepatic triglyceride) level. In some instances,the decrease in triglyceride (e.g., hepatic triglyceride) level is by atleast 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, atleast 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, or more. In someinstances, the decrease in triglyceride (e.g., hepatic triglyceride)level is by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about10% to about 20%, by about 10% to about 70%, or by about 10% to about30%. In some cases, the decrease in triglyceride (e.g., hepatictriglyceride) level is relative to the triglyceride (e.g., hepatictriglyceride) level observed in a subject not treated with the FXRagonist.

In some examples, administration of a FXR agonist results in anincreased insulin sensitivity to insulin in the liver. In someinstances, the increase in insulin sensitivity is by at least 5%, atleast 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, atleast 50%, or more. In some cases, the increase in insulin sensitivityis by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% toabout 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some cases, the increase ininsulin sensitivity is relative to sensitivity observed in a subject nottreated with the FXR agonist.

In some embodiments, administration of a FXR agonist results in adecrease in the amount of serum insulin in the subject. In someexamples, the decrease in serum insulin is by at least 5%, at least 10%,at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 50%, at least 60%, atleast 70%, at least 75%, or more. In some instances, serum insulin isdecreased by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about10% to about 20%, by about 10% to about 70%, or by about 10% to about30%. In some cases, the decrease in serum insulin level is relative tolevels observed in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.

In some embodiments, administration of a FXR agonist results in adecrease in the amount of serum glucose in the subject. In someexamples, the decrease in serum glucose is by at least 5%, at least 10%,at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 50%, at least 60%, atleast 70%, at least 75%, or more. In some instances, serum glucose isdecreased by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about10% to about 20%, by about 10% to about 70%, or by about 10% to about30%. In some cases, the decrease in serum glucose level is relative tolevels observed in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.

In some examples, a FXR agonist described herein increases browning ofwhite adipose tissue in a subject. In some examples, the rate ofincrease of browning of white adipose tissue in the subject is by atleast 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, atleast 40%, at least 50%, or more, relative to a subject not treated withthe FXR agonist.

In some embodiments, administration of a FXR agonist does not result insubstantial change in food intake and/or fat consumption in the subject.In some instances, food intake and/or fat consumption is reduced, suchas by less than 15%, less than 10%, or less than 5%. In someembodiments, no substantial change in appetite in the subject results.In other embodiments, reduction in appetite is minimal as reported bythe subject.

In some embodiments, administration of a FXR agonist results in anincrease in the metabolic rate in the subject. In some instances, theFXR agonist increases the metabolic rate in a subject. In some cases,the metabolic rate in the subject is increased by at least 5%, at least10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, or more. In someinstances, the metabolic rate is increased by about 5% to about 50%, byabout 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, by about 10% to about70%, or by about 10% to about 30%). In some cases, the increase inmetabolic rate is relative to the rate observed in a subject not treatedwith the FXR agonist.

In some embodiments, the increase in metabolism results from enhancedoxidative phosphorylation in the subject, which in turn leads toincreased energy expenditure in tissues (such as BAT). In suchinstances, the FXR agonist helps to increase the activity of BAT. Insome examples, the activity of BAT is increased by at least 5%, at least10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 50%, at least60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, or more. In some instances, theactivity of BAT is increased by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% toabout 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, by about 10% to about 70%, or byabout 10% to about 30%. In some cases, the increase in BAT activity isrelative to the activity of BAT observed in a subject not treated withthe FXR agonist.

Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Liver Disease or Condition

Disclosed herein include methods of preventing and/or treating alcoholicor non-alcoholic liver diseases or conditions. Exemplary alcoholic ornon-alcoholic liver diseases or conditions include, but are not limitedto cholestasis, cirrhosis, steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis, non-alcoholicsteatohepatitis (NASH), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD),primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), elevated liver enzymes, andelevated triglyceride levels. In some embodiments, a FXR agonist is usedin the prevention or treatment of alcoholic or non-alcoholic liverdiseases. In some embodiments, a FXR agonist is used in the preventionor treatment of cholestasis, cirrhosis, steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis,non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD), or primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC).

Cholestasis

In some embodiments, a FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in thetreatment of cholestasis in a subject. Cholestasis, an impairment orcessation in the flow of bile, which in some cases, causeshepatotoxicity due to the buildup of bile acids and other toxins in theliver. In some instances, cholestasis is a component of many liverdiseases, including cholelithiasis, cholestasis of pregnancy, primarybiliary cirrhosis (PBC), and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Insome instances, the obstruction is due to gallstone, biliary trauma,drugs, one or more additional liver diseases, or to cancer. In somecases, the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids enables theabsorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the intestine andallows the elimination of cholesterol, toxins, and metabolic by-productssuch as bilirubin from the liver. In some cases, activation of FXRinduces expression of the canalicular bile transporters BSEP (ABCB 11)and multidrug resistance-related protein 2 (MRP2; ABCC2, cMOAT), andrepresses genes involved in bile acid biosynthesis, such as for examplesterol 12α-hydroxylase (CYP8B1) and CYP7A1.

In some examples, the FXR agonist reduces cholestasis in the subject byat least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, atleast 40%, at least 50%, or more. In some cases, cholestasis is reducedby about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% toabout 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some instances, the level ofcholestasis is relative to the level of cholestasis in a subject nottreated with the FXR agonist.

Primary Biliary Cirrhosis and Cirrhosis

In some embodiments, a FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in thetreatment of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) in a subject. PBC is aliver disease that primarily results from autoimmune destruction of thebile ducts that transport bile acids (BAs) out of the liver, resultingin cholestasis. As PBC progresses, persistent toxic buildup of BAscauses progressive liver damage. Chronic inflammation and fibrosis canadvance to cirrhosis. In some examples, the FXR agonist reduces PBC inthe subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, atleast 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more. In some cases, PBC isreduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10%to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some instances, the levelof PBC is relative to the level of PBC in a subject not treated with theFXR agonist.

In some embodiments, a FXR agonist disclosed herein reduces cirrhosis ina subject. In some examples, the FXR agonist reduces cirrhosis in thesubject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, atleast 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more. In some cases, cirrhosisis reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some instances, thelevel of cirrhosis is relative to the level of cirrhosis in a subjectnot treated with the FXR agonist.

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with excessivefat in the liver (steatosis) and in some cases progresses to NASH, whichis defined by the histologic hallmarks of inflammation, cell death, andfibrosis. In some instances, primary NASH is associated with insulinresistance, while secondary NASH is caused by medical or surgicalconditions, or drugs such as, but not limited to, tamoxifen. In somecases, NASH progresses to advanced fibrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma,or end-stage liver disease requiring liver transplantation.

In some instances, NASH develops as a result of triglyceride (TGs)imbalance. For example, dysfunctional adipocytes secretepro-inflammatory molecules such as cytokines and chemokines leading toinsulin resistance and a failure of lipolysis suppression in theadipocytes. In some instances, this failure of lipolysis suppressionleads to a release of free fatty acids (FFAs) into the circulation anduptake within the liver. In some cases, over accumulation of FFAs in theform of triglycerides (TGs) in lipid droplets leads to oxidative stress,mitochondrial dysfunction, and upregulation of pro-inflammatorymolecules.

In some instances, activation of FXR inhibits triglyceride (TG)/fattyacid (FA) synthesis facilitated by suppressing sterol regulatoryelement-binding protein 1c (SREBP1c) via activation of SHP. In somecases, FXR additionally increases the clearance of TG by stimulatinglipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity as well as the hepatic uptake ofremnants and low-density lipoprotein by inducing syndecan 1 (SDC1) andthe VLDL receptor (VLDLR).

In some embodiments, a FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in thetreatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In some examples, theFXR agonist reduces NASH the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, atleast 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, ormore. In some cases, NASH is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about30%. In some instances, the level of NASH is relative to the level ofNASH in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.

In some embodiments, a FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in thetreatment of NAFLD. In some examples, the FXR agonist reduces NAFLD inthe subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, atleast 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more. In some cases, NAFLD isreduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10%to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some instances, the levelof NAFLD is relative to the level of NAFLD in a subject not treated withthe FXR agonist.

Steatosis

In some embodiments, a FXR agonist disclosed herein reduces fatty liver(steatosis) in a subject. In some examples, the FXR agonist reducessteatosis in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, atleast 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more. In someinstances, steatosis is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% toabout 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%. Insome instances, the level of steatosis is relative to the level ofsteatosis in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.

Ballooning

Hepatocyte ballooning, a feature denoting cellular injury, is a featureof NASH. Ballooning is a feature that denotes progressive NAFL (types 3and 4). The term applies to enlarged, swollen-appearing hepatocytes; theaffected cells are often intermixed in areas of steatosis and, inclassic steatohepatitis, in the perivenular regions. Hepatocellularballooning is most commonly noted in regions of H & E-detectableperisinusoidal fibrosis. Ballooned hepatocytes are most easily notedwhen they contain MH (either typical or poorly formed). Hepatocyteballooning is a structural manifestation of microtubular disruption andsevere cell injury.

In some embodiments, a FXR agonist disclosed herein reduces liverballooning in a subject. In some examples, the FXR agonist reduces liverballooning in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, atleast 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more. In someinstances, liver ballooning is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, byabout 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% toabout 30%. In some instances, the liver ballooning is relative to thelevel of liver ballooning in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.

Alcoholic Hepatitis

In some embodiments, a FXR agonist disclosed herein reduces alcoholichepatitis in a subject. In some examples, the FXR agonist reducesalcoholic hepatitis in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, atleast 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, ormore. In some instances, the level of alcoholic hepatitis is reduced byabout 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about20%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some instances, the level ofalcoholic hepatitis is relative to the level of alcoholic hepatitis in asubject not treated with the FXR agonist.

Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

In some embodiments, a FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in thetreatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). PSC is a chronic andprogressive cholestatic liver disease. PSC is characterized byprogressive inflammation, fibrosis, and stricture formation in liverducts. Common symptoms include pruritus and jaundice. The disease isstrongly associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)—about 5% ofpatients with ulcerative colitis will have PSC. Up to 70% of patientswith PSC also have IBD, most commonly ulcerative colitis.

Additional Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Liver Diseases or Conditions

In some embodiments, a FXR agonist disclosed herein reduces liverenzymes in a subject. In some examples, the FXR agonist reduce liverenzymes (e.g., serum ALT and/or AST levels) in the subject by at least5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least40%, at least 50%, or more. In some instances, the level of liverenzymes is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%,by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In someinstances, the level of liver enzymes is relative to the level of liverenzymes in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.

In some embodiments, a FXR agonist disclosed herein reduces livertriglycerides in a subject. In some examples, the FXR agonist reducesliver triglycerides in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, atleast 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, ormore. In some instances, the level of liver triglycerides is reduced byabout 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about20%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some instances, the level of livertriglycerides is relative to the level of liver triglycerides in asubject not treated with the FXR agonist.

Inflammatory Intestinal Condition

Disclosed herein are methods of treating or preventing an inflammatoryintestinal condition. Exemplary inflammatory conditions includenecrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), gastritis, ulcerative colitis,inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, pseudomembranouscolitis, gastroenteritis, radiation induced enteritis, chemotherapyinduced enteritis, gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), pepticulcer, non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD), celiac disease, intestinal celiacdisease, gastrointestinal complications following bariatric surgery,gastric carcinogenesis, or gastric carcinogenesis following gastric orbowel resection. In some embodiments, the inflammatory condition is NECand the subject is a newborn or prematurely born infant. In someembodiments, the subject is enterally-fed infant or formula-fed infant.

In some embodiments, a FXR agonist disclosed herein is administered to asubject having an inflammatory intestinal condition. In someembodiments, a FXR agonist disclosed herein is administered to a subjecthaving necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), gastritis, ulcerative colitis,inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, pseudomembranouscolitis, gastroenteritis, radiation induced enteritis, chemotherapyinduced enteritis, gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), pepticulcer, non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD), celiac disease, intestinal celiacdisease, gastrointestinal complications following bariatric surgery,gastric carcinogenesis, or gastric carcinogenesis following gastric orbowel resection.

In some embodiments, a FXR agonist disclosed herein reduces inflammationof the intestines in a subject (such as a human). In some examples, theFXR agonist reduces intestinal inflammation in the subject by at least5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least40%, at least 50%, or more. In some instances, intestinal inflammationis reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some instances, thelevel of intestinal inflammation is relative to the level of intestinalinflammation in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.

Gastrointestinal Diseases

Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, are methods of treating orpreventing a gastrointestinal disease in a subject in need thereof,comprising administering to the subject a farnesoid X receptor (FXR)agonist as described herein. In some embodiments, the gastrointestinaldisease is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), irritable bowel syndrome withdiarrhea (IBS-D), irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C),mixed IBS (IBS-M), unsubtyped IBS (IBS-U), or bile acid diarrhea (BAD).

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a combination of symptoms includingabdominal pain and changes in bowel movement patterns that persists overan extended period of time, often years. The causes of IBS remainunclear; however, gut motility problems, food sensitivity, geneticfactors, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, and gut-brain axisproblems are thought to have a potential role. In some instances, IBS isaccompanied with diarrhea and is categorized as IBS with diarrhea(IBS-D). In some instances, IBS is accompanied with constipation and iscategorized as IBS with constipation (IBS-C). In some instances, IBS isaccompanied with an alternating pattern of diarrhea and constipation andis categorized as mixed IBS (IBS-M). In some instances, IBS is notaccompanied with either diarrhea or constipation and is categorized asunsubtyped IBS (IBS-U). In some instances, IBS has four differentvariations: IBS-D, IBS-C, IBS-M, and IBS-U.

In some embodiments, the symptoms of IBS are mimicked by a differentcondition. In some embodiments, sugar maldigestion, celiac disease,gluten intolerance without celiac disease, pancreatic exocrineinsufficiency, small bowel bacterial overgrowth, microscopic colitis, orbile acid malabsorption (BAM) mimic IBS-D. In some embodiments, anismus,pelvic floor dyssynergia or puborectalis spasm, or descending perineumsyndrome mimic IBS-C.

In some embodiments, an FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in thetreatment of IBS or any of its variations in a mammal. In some examples,an FXR agonist therapeutic agent reduce IBS symptoms in the mammal by atleast 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, atleast 40%, at least 50%, or more.

Bile Acid Malabsorption

Bile acid malabsorption (BAM), also known as bile acid diarrhea (BAD),bile acid-induced diarrhea, cholerheic or choleretic enteropathy, orbile salt malabsorption, is a condition in which the presence of bileacids in the colon causes diarrhea. BAM is caused by a number ofconditions such as Crohn's disease, cholecystectomy, coeliac disease,radiotherapy, and pancreatic diseases. In some instances, BAM is causedby medications such as metformin. In some embodiments, BAM is caused byan overproduction of bile acids. Bile acid synthesis is negativelyregulated by the ileal hormone fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF-19); lowlevels of FGF-19 lead to an increase in bile acids. FXR activationpromotes the synthesis of FGF-19, consequently lowering the levels ofbile acids.

In some embodiments, an FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in thetreatment of BAM in a mammal. In some embodiments, an FXR agonistdisclosed herein decreases bile acid synthesis. In some embodiments, anFXR agonist disclosed herein decreases bile acid levels. In someembodiments, an FXR agonist and an additional therapeutic agentdisclosed herein prevent BAD. In some examples, an FXR agonist reducesBAM symptoms in the mammal by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%,at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more.

Graft vs. Host Disease (GvHD)

Graft vs. host disease (GvHD) is a medical complication that arisesafter a transplant of tissue or cells from a histo-incompatible donor(i.e. a genetically or immunologically different donor). Immune cells inthe donated tissue or cells (graft) recognize the recipient (the host)as foreign and initiate and attack. Non-limiting examples oftransplanted tissue or cells that give rise to GvHD are blood products,stem cells such as bone marrow cells, and organs. There are differenttypes of GvHD depending on where the symptoms manifest or develop: skinGvHD, liver GvHD, eye GvHD, neuromuscular GvHD, genitourinary tractGvHD, and gastrointestinal (GI) tract GvHD. Symptoms of GI tract GvHDinclude difficulty swallowing, pain with swallowing, weight loss,nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and/or abdominal cramping. GI tract GvHDresults in sloughing of the mucosal membrane and severe intestinalinflammation. Inflammation of the biliary epithelium is amenable to becontrolled by nuclear receptors such as the glucocorticoid receptor(GR), FXR, or the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs).

In some embodiments, an FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in thetreatment of GvHD or a complication of GvHD in a mammal. In someembodiments, an FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in the treatment ofGI tract GvHD or a complication of GI tract GvHD in a mammal. In someexamples, an FXR agonist reduces GI tract GvHD or a complication of GItract GvHD in the mammal by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, atleast 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more. In somecases, GI tract GvHD or a complication of GI tract GvHD is reduced byabout 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about20%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some embodiments, an FXR agonistdisclosed herein decreases intestinal inflammation caused by GI tractGvHD. In some embodiments, an FXR agonist disclosed herein reducesintestinal inflammation caused by GI tract GvHD reduced by about 5% toabout 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or byabout 10% to about 30%.

Kidney Diseases

Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, are methods of treating orpreventing a kidney disease in a subject in need thereof, comprisingadministering to the subject a farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonistdescribed herein. In some embodiments, the kidney disease is associatedwith a liver disease. In some embodiments, the kidney disease isassociated with a fibrotic liver disease. In some embodiments, thekidney disease is associated with a metabolic liver disease. In someembodiments, the kidney disease is associated with a metabolic conditionsuch as but not limited to diabetes, metabolic syndrome, NAFLD, insulinresistance, fatty acid metabolism disorder, and cholestasis. In someembodiments, the kidney disease is diabetic nephropathy, kidney diseaseassociated with fibrosis, kidney disease not associated with fibrosis,renal fibrosis, or any combination thereof.

Diabetic Nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy is a kidney disease characterized by damage to thekidney's glomeruli. Diabetes contributes to an excessive production ofreactive oxygen species, which leads to nephrotic syndrome and scarringof the glomeruli. As diabetic nephropathy progresses, the glomerularfiltration barrier (GFB) is increasingly damaged and consequently,proteins in the blood leak through the barrier and accumulate in theBowman's space.

In some embodiments, an FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in thetreatment of diabetic nephropathy in a mammal.

Renal Fibrosis

Renal fibrosis is characterized by activation of fibroblasts andexcessive deposition of extracellular matrix or connective tissue in thekidney, which is a hallmark of chronic kidney disease. FXR plays animportant role in protecting against renal fibrosis. Activation of FXRsuppresses renal fibrosis and decreases accumulation of extracellularmatrix proteins in the kidney.

In some embodiments, an FXR agonist disclosed herein is used in thetreatment of renal fibrosis in a mammal.

In one aspect, described herein is a method of treating or preventing akidney disease or condition in a mammal, comprising administering to themammal an FXR agonist disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the kidney disease orcondition is diabetic nephropathy, kidney disease associated withfibrosis, kidney disease not associated with fibrosis, renal fibrosis,kidney disease associated with a metabolic disease, chronic kidneydisease, polycystic kidney disease, acute kidney disease, or anycombination thereof.

Cell Proliferation Disease

Further disclosed herein are methods of preventing or treating cellproliferation diseases, for example, in certain types of cancer. In someembodiments, the FXR agonists disclosed herein are used in theprevention or treatment of adenocarcinomas, or a carcinoma derived fromglandular tissue or in which the tumor cells form recognizable glandularstructures. In some embodiments, adenocarcinomas are classifiedaccording to the predominant pattern of cell arrangement, as papillary,alveolar, or according to a particular product of the cells, as mucinousadenocarcinoma. In some instances, adenocarcinomas are observed forexample, in colon, kidney, breast, cervix, esophagus, gastric, pancreas,prostate, or lung.

In some embodiments, the compounds disclosed herein are used in theprevention or treatment of a cancer of the intestine, such as coloncancer, e.g. cancer that forms in the tissues of the colon (the longestpart of the large intestine), or a cancer of another part of theintestine, such as the jejunum, and/or ileum. In some instances, coloncancer is also referred to as “colorectal cancer.” In some instances,the most common type of colon cancer is colon adenocarcinoma.

In some cases, cancer progression is characterized by stages, or theextent of cancer in the body. Staging is usually based on the size ofthe tumor, the presence of cancer in the lymph nodes, and the presenceof the cancer in a site other than the primary cancer site. Stages ofcolon cancer include stage I, stage II, stage III and stage IV. In someembodiments, colon adenocarcinoma is from any stage. In otherembodiments, colon adenocarcinoma is a stage I cancer, a stage II canceror a stage III cancer.

In some embodiments, a FXR agonist described herein is administered to asubject having a stage I, stage II, stage III, or stage IV cancer. Insome instances, a FXR agonist described herein is administered to asubject having a stage I, stage II, or stage III colon adenocarcinoma.

In some embodiments, a FXR agonist disclosed herein further reduces thetumor burden in a subject. In some examples, the FXR agonist reducestumor burden (such as colon tumor burden) in the subject by at least 5%,at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, atleast 50%, or more. In some instances, tumor burden is reduced by about5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, orby about 10% to about 30%. In some instances, the level of tumor burdenis relative to the level of tumor burden in a subject not treated withthe FXR agonist.

In some instances, a FXR agonist disclosed herein further reduces tumorsize and/or volume in a subject. In some cases, the FXR agonist reducestumor size and/or volume (such as a colon tumor) in the subject by atleast 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, atleast 40%, at least 50%, or more. In some instances, tumor size isreduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 10%to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%. In some instances, the tumorsize is relative to the tumor size in a subject not treated with the FXRagonist.

In additional embodiments, a FXR agonist disclosed herein reduceseffects of cachexia due to a tumor in a subject. In some examples, theFXR agonist reduce the effect of cachexia (such as due to a colon tumor)in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%,at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more. In some instances,the effect of cachexia is reduced by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5%to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about 30%.In some instances, the effect of cachexia is relative to the effect ofcachexia in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.

In other embodiments, a FXR agonist disclosed herein increases survivalrates of a subject with a tumor. In some cases, the FXR agonistincreases the survival rate of a subject with a tumor (such as a coloncancer) in the subject by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, atleast 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or more. In someinstances, survival rate is increased by about 5% to about 50%, by about5% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, or by about 10% to about30%. In some instances, the survival rate is relative to the survivalrate in a subject not treated with the FXR agonist.

Compounds

Compounds described herein, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts,prodrugs, active metabolites and pharmaceutically acceptable solvatesthereof, are farnesoid X receptor agonists.

In one aspect, described herein are famesoid X receptor agonists anduses thereof. In one aspect, described herein is a compound that has thestructure of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt orsolvate thereof:

wherein,

-   -   X¹ is CH or N;    -   R¹ is H, D, halogen, —CN, —OH, —SH, —N(R¹⁵)₂,        —NR¹⁵S(═O)₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl),        —S(═O)₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R¹⁵)₂, —OC(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl), —CO₂H,        —CO₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —C(═O)N(R¹⁵)₂, —NR¹⁵C(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl),        —NR¹⁵C(═O)O(C₁-C₄alkyl), —OC(═O)N(R¹⁵)₂, —NR¹⁵C(═O)N(R¹⁵)₂,        C₁-C₄alkyl, C₂-C₄alkenyl, C₂-C₄alkynyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy,        C₁-C₄deuteroalkyl, C₁-C₄deuteroalkoxy, C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl,        C₁-C₄fluoroalkoxy, C₁-C₄heteroalkyl, or substituted or        unsubstituted monocyclic C₂-C₅heterocycloalkyl;    -   X² is CR² or N;    -   R² is H, D, halogen, —CN, —OH, —SH, —N(R¹⁵)₂,        —NR¹⁵S(═O)₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl),        —S(═O)₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R¹⁵)₂, —OC(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl), —CO₂H,        —CO₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —C(═O)N(R¹⁵)₂, —NR¹⁵C(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl),        —NR¹⁵C(═O)O(C₁-C₄alkyl), —OC(═O)N(R¹⁵)₂, —NR¹⁵C(═O)N(R¹⁵)₂,        C₁-C₄alkyl, C₂-C₄alkenyl, C₂-C₄alkynyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy,        C₁-C₄deuteroalkyl, C₁-C₄deuteroalkoxy, C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl,        C₁-C₄fluoroalkoxy, or C₁-C₄heteroalkyl, or substituted or        unsubstituted monocyclic C₂-C₅heterocycloalkyl;    -   or R¹ and R² are taken together with the intervening atoms to        form a substituted or unsubstituted fused 5-membered ring or        substituted or unsubstituted fused 6-membered ring with 0-3 N        atoms and 0-2 O or S atoms in the ring;    -   X³ is CR³ or N;    -   R³ is H, D, halogen, —CN, —OH, —SH, —N(R¹⁵)₂,        —NR¹⁵S(═O)₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl),        —S(═O)₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(═O)₂ N(R¹⁵)₂, —OC(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl),        —CO₂H, —CO₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —C(═O)N(R¹⁵)₂, —NR¹⁵C(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl),        C₁-C₄alkyl, C₂-C₄alkenyl, C₂-C₄alkynyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy,        C₁-C₄deuteroalkyl, C₁-C₄deuteroalkoxy, C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl,        C₁-C₄fluoroalkoxy, C₁-C₄heteroalkyl, or substituted or        unsubstituted monocyclic C₂-C₅heterocycloalkyl; each X⁴ is        independently CH or N;    -   R⁴ is H, D, F, or —CH₃;    -   R⁵ is H, D, F, or —CH₃;    -   or R⁴ and R⁵ are taken together to form a bridge that is —CH₂—        or —CH₂CH₂—;    -   each R⁶ is independently H, D, F, —OH, or —CH₃;        -   m is 0, 1, or 2;    -   R⁷ is H, D, halogen, —CN, —OH, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₂-C₄alkenyl,        C₂-C₄alkynyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy, C₁-C₄deuteroalkyl,        C₁-C₄deuteroalkoxy, C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl, C₁-C₄fluoroalkoxy, or        C₁-C₄heteroalkyl;    -   L is absent, —Y²-L¹-, -L¹-Y²—, cyclopropylene, cyclobutylene or        bicyclo[1.1.1]pentylene;        -   Y² is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, —S(═O)₂NR¹⁵—,            —CH₂—, —CH═CH—, —C≡C—, —C(═O)—, —C(═O)O—, —OC(═O)—,            —OC(═O)O—, —C(═O)NR¹⁵—, —NR¹⁵C(═O)—, —OC(═O)NR¹⁵—,            —NR¹⁵C(═O)O—, —NR¹⁵C(═O)NR¹⁵—, —NR¹⁵S(═O)₂—, or —NR¹—;        -   L¹ is absent or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄alkylene;    -   X⁵ is NR⁸ or N;    -   R⁸ is H, D, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆deuteroalkyl, C₁-C₆fluoroalkyl,        C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, —C(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl), —CO₂(C₁-C₄alkyl),        —C(═O)N(R¹⁵)₂, —S(═O)₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R¹⁵)₂, substituted        or unsubstituted C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, or substituted or        unsubstituted monocyclic C₂-C₆heterocycloalkyl, substituted or        unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic        heteroaryl;    -   R⁹ is H, D, F or —CH₃;    -   Y is —CR¹⁰R¹¹—, —O—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, or —NR¹⁷—;    -   R¹⁰ is H, D, halogen, —CN, —OH, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₄alkenyl,        C₂-C₄alkynyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆fluoroalkyl, —SR¹², —S(═O)R¹⁴,        —S(═O)₂R¹⁴, or —N(R²)₂;    -   R¹¹ is H, D, F or —CH₃;    -   or R⁹ and R¹¹ are taken together to form a bridge that is —CH₂—        or —CH₂CH₂—;    -   each R¹² is independently H, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄deuteroalkyl,        C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl, C₁-C₄heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted        C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted        C₂-C₆heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl,        substituted or unsubstituted benzyl, substituted or        unsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl;    -   R¹⁴ is C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄deuteroalkyl, C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl,        C₁-C₄heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆cycloalkyl,        substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆heterocycloalkyl, substituted        or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted benzyl, or        substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl;    -   R¹⁵ is H or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆alkyl;    -   each R¹⁶ is independently H, D, halogen, —CN, —OH, —N(R¹⁵)₂,        —NR¹⁵S(═O)₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl),        —S(═O)₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —C(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl), —OC(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl),        —CO₂H, —CO₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —NR¹⁵C(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl), —C(═O)N(R¹⁵)₂,        —NR¹⁵C(═O)O(C₁-C₄alkyl), —OC(═O)N(R¹⁵)₂, C₁-C₄alkyl,        C₂-C₄alkenyl, C₂-C₄alkynyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy, C₁-C₄deuteroalkyl,        C₁-C₄deuteroalkoxy, C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl, C₁-C₄fluoroalkoxy,        C₁-C₄heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆cycloalkyl,        substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic C₂-C₆heterocycloalkyl,        substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or        unsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl;    -   n is 0, 1, or 2;    -   R¹⁷ is -L⁵-R¹⁴; and        -   L⁵ is absent, —S(═O)₂—, —C(═O)—, —CO₂—, or —C(═O)N(R¹⁵)—.

In another aspect, described herein is a compound of Formula (I), or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof:

wherein,

-   -   X¹ is CH or N;    -   R¹ is H, D, halogen, —CN, —OH, —N(R¹⁵)₂,        —NR¹⁵S(═O)₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —OC(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl), —CO₂H,        —CO₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —NR¹⁵C(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl),        —NR¹⁵C(═O)O(C₁-C₄alkyl), —OC(═O)N(R¹⁵)₂, —NR¹⁵C(═O)N(R¹⁵)₂,        C₁-C₄alkyl, C₂-C₄alkenyl, C₂-C₄alkynyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy,        C₁-C₄deuteroalkyl, C₁-C₄deuteroalkoxy, C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl,        C₁-C₄fluoroalkoxy, C₁-C₄heteroalkyl, or substituted or        unsubstituted monocyclic C₂-C₅heterocycloalkyl;    -   X² is CR² or N;    -   R² is H, D, halogen, —CN, —OH, —N(R¹⁵)₂,        —NR¹⁵S(═O)₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —OC(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl), —CO₂H,        —CO₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —NR¹⁵C(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl),        —NR¹⁵C(═O)O(C₁-C₄alkyl), —OC(═O)N(R¹⁵)₂, —NR¹⁵C(═O)N(R¹⁵)₂,        C₁-C₄alkyl, C₂-C₄alkenyl, C₂-C₄alkynyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy,        C₁-C₄deuteroalkyl, C₁-C₄deuteroalkoxy, C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl,        C₁-C₄fluoroalkoxy, or C₁-C₄heteroalkyl;    -   or R¹ and R² are taken together with the intervening atoms to        form a substituted or unsubstituted fused 5-membered ring with        0-3 N atoms and 0-2 O or S atoms in the ring;    -   X³ is CR³ or N;    -   R³ is H, D, halogen, —CN, —OH, —N(R¹⁵)₂,        —NR¹⁵S(═O)₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —OC(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl), —CO₂H,        —CO₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —NR¹⁵C(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl), C₁-C₄alkyl,        C₂-C₄alkenyl, C₂-C₄alkynyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy, C₁-C₄deuteroalkyl,        C₁-C₄deuteroalkoxy, C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl, C₁-C₄fluoroalkoxy, or        C₁-C₄heteroalkyl; each X⁴ is independently CH or N;    -   R⁴ is H, D, F, or —CH₃;    -   R⁵ is H, D, F, or —CH₃;    -   or R⁴ and R⁵ are taken together to form a bridge that is —CH₂—        or —CH₂CH₂—;    -   each R⁶ is independently H, D, F, —OH, or —CH₃;        -   m is 0, 1, or 2;    -   R⁷ is H, D, halogen, —CN, —OH, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy,        C₁-C₄deuteroalkyl, C₁-C₄deuteroalkoxy, C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl,        C₁-C₄fluoroalkoxy, or C₁-C₄heteroalkyl;    -   L is absent, —Y²-L¹-, -L¹-Y²—, cyclopropylene, cyclobutylene or        bicyclo[1.1.1]pentylene;        -   Y² is absent, —O—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, —S(═O)₂NR¹⁵—,            —CH₂—, —CH═CH—, —C≡C—, —C(═O)—, —C(═O)O—, —OC(═O)—,            —OC(═O)O—, —C(═O)NR¹⁵—, —NR¹⁵C(═O)—, —OC(═O)NR¹⁵—,            —NR¹⁵C(═O)O—, —NR¹⁵C(═O)NR¹⁵—, —NR¹⁵S(═O)₂—, or —NR¹—;        -   L¹ is absent or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄alkylene;    -   X⁵ is NR⁸ or N;    -   R⁸ is H, D, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆deuteroalkyl, C₁-C₆fluoroalkyl,        C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, —C(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl), —CO₂(C₁-C₄alkyl),        —C(═O)N(R¹⁵)₂, —S(═O)₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R¹⁵)₂, substituted        or unsubstituted C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, or substituted or        unsubstituted monocyclic C₂-C₆heterocycloalkyl, substituted or        unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic        heteroaryl;    -   R⁹ is H, D, or —CH₃;    -   Y is —CR¹⁰R¹¹—, —O—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, or —NR¹⁷_;    -   R¹⁰ is H, D, halogen, —CN, —OH, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy,        C₁-C₆fluoroalkyl, —SR¹², —S(═O)R¹⁴, —S(═O)₂R¹⁴, or —N(R²)₂;    -   R¹¹ is H, D, or —CH₃;    -   or R⁹ and R¹¹ are taken together to form a bridge that is —CH₂—        or —CH₂CH₂—;    -   each R¹² is independently H, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄deuteroalkyl,        C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl, C₁-C₄heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted        C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted        C₂-C₆heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl,        substituted or unsubstituted benzyl, substituted or        unsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl;    -   R¹⁴ is C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄deuteroalkyl, C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl,        C₁-C₄heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆cycloalkyl,        substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆heterocycloalkyl, substituted        or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted benzyl, or        substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl;    -   R¹⁵ is H or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆alkyl;    -   each R¹⁶ is independently H, D, halogen, —CN, —OH, —N(R¹⁵)₂,        —NR¹⁵S(═O)₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(═O)₂(C₁-C₄alkyl),        —C(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl), —OC(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl), —CO₂H,        —CO₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —NR¹⁵C(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl), —C(═O)N(R¹⁵)₂,        —NR¹⁵C(═O)O(C₁-C₄alkyl), —OC(═O)N(R¹⁵)₂, C₁-C₄alkyl,        C₂-C₄alkenyl, C₂-C₄alkynyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy, C₁-C₄deuteroalkyl,        C₁-C₄deuteroalkoxy, C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl, C₁-C₄fluoroalkoxy,        C₁-C₄heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆cycloalkyl,        substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic C₂-C₆heterocycloalkyl,        substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or        unsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl;    -   n is 0, 1, or 2;    -   R¹⁷ is -L⁵-R¹⁴; and        -   L⁵ is absent, —S(═O)₂—, —C(═O)—, —CO₂—, or —C(═O)N(R¹⁵)—.

For any and all of the embodiments, substituents are selected from amonga subset of the listed alternatives. For example, in some embodiments Yis —CR¹⁰R¹¹—, —O—, —S—, —S(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, or —NR¹⁷—. In otherembodiments, Y is —CR¹⁰R¹¹—, —O—, or —NR¹⁷—. In some embodiments, Y is—CR¹⁰R¹¹—.

In some embodiments, m is 0, 1, or 2. In some embodiments, m is 0 or 1.In some embodiments, m is 0. In some embodiments, n is 0, 1, or 2. Insome embodiments, n is 0 or 1. In some embodiments, n is 0.

In some embodiments, L is absent, —O—, —S—, —CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂—, —CH₂O—,—OCH₂—, —CH₂NR¹⁵—, —NR¹⁵CH₂—, —CH═CH—, —C≡C—, —C(═O)—, —C(═O)O—,—OC(═O)—, —OC(═O)O—, —C(═O)NR¹⁵—, —NR ¹⁵C(═O)—, —OC(═O)NR¹⁵—,—NR¹⁵C(═O)O—, —NR¹⁵C(═O)NR¹⁵—, —NR¹⁵S(═O)₂—, —NR¹⁵—, cyclopropylene,cyclobutylene or bicyclo[1.1.1]pentylene.

In some embodiments, L is absent, —O—, —S—, —CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂—, —CH₂O—,—OCH₂—, —CH₂NR¹⁵—, —NR¹⁵CH₂—, —CH═CH—, —C≡C—, —C(═O)NR¹⁵—, —NR¹⁵C(═O)—,—OC(═O)NR¹—, —NR¹⁵C(═O)O—, —NR¹⁵C(═O)NR¹⁵—, —NR¹⁵S(═O)₂—, —NR¹⁵—,cyclopropylene, cyclobutylene or bicyclo[1.1.1]pentylene.

In some embodiments, L is absent or —C≡C—.

In some embodiments, R⁹ is H; R¹¹ is H; or R⁹ and R¹¹ are taken togetherto form a bridge that is —CH₂CH₂—. In some embodiments, R⁹ is H; and R¹¹is H.

In some embodiments, the compound has the structure of Formula (II), ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof:

In some embodiments, L is absent.

In some embodiments, the compound has the structure of Formula (III), ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof:

In some embodiments, R⁴ is H; R⁵ is H; or R⁴ and R⁵ are taken togetherto form a bridge that is —CH₂CH₂—.

In some embodiments, R⁴ is H; R⁵ is H.

In some embodiments, R⁴ and R⁵ are taken together to form a bridge thatis —CH₂CH₂—.

In some embodiments, the compound has the structure of Formula (IV), ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof:

In some embodiments, the compound has the structure of Formula (V), or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof:

In some embodiments, the compound has the structure of Formula (VI), ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof:

In some embodiments, R⁴ is H; R⁵ is H; or R⁴ and R⁵ are taken togetherto form a bridge that is —CH₂CH₂—.

In some embodiments, the compound has the structure of Formula (VII), ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof:

In some embodiments, the compound has the structure of Formula (VIII),or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof:

In some embodiments, R¹⁰ is H, D, F, —CN, —OH, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy,C₁-C₆fluoroalkyl, or —N(R¹²)₂. In some embodiments, R¹⁰ is H, D, F, —OH,C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, or —N(R¹²)₂. In some embodiments, R¹⁰ is H, D,F, —CN, —OH, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃,—CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, —C(CH₃)₃, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —OCH(CH₃)₂, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃,—CH₂CF₃, —NH₂, —NH(CH₃), or —N(CH₃)₂. In some embodiments, R¹⁰ is H,—OH, —CH₃, —OCH₃, —NH₂, —NH(CH₃), or —N(CH₃)₂. In some embodiments, R¹⁰is H, —OH, or —NH₂.

In some embodiments, R¹⁰ is —OH.

In some embodiments, no more than two X², X³, X⁴, X⁴ are N.

In some embodiments, if both X⁴ are N then X² is CR² and X³ is CR³; orif one X⁴ is N and the other X⁴ is CH then only one of X² and X³ is N.

In some embodiments, the 6-membered ring containing X², X³, X⁴, X⁴ hasno more than two N atoms in the ring.

In some embodiments, X² is CR²; X³ is CR³ or N; each X⁴ is CH; or eachX⁴ is N; or one X⁴ is N and the other X⁴ is CH.

In some embodiments, X² is CR²; X³ is CR³; each X⁴ is CH; or each X⁴ isN; or one X⁴ is N and the other X⁴ is CH.

In some embodiments, X² is CR²; X³ is CR³; each X⁴ is CH.

In some embodiments, R¹ is H, D, F, Cl, —CN, —OH, —SH, —NH₂, —NH(CH₃),—N(CH₃)₂, —NHS(═O)₂CH₃, —OC(═O)CH₃, —CO₂H, —CO₂CH₃, —NHC(═O)CH₃, —CH₃,—CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, —C(CH₃)₃,—OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —OCH(CH₃)₂, —SCH₃, —SCH₂CH₃, —SCH(CH₃)₂, —CD₃, —OCD₃,—CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —CH₂CF₃, —OCH₂F, —OCHF₂, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CF₃, —CH₂OH,—CH₂OCH₃, —CH₂OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂NHCH₃, or —CH₂N(CH₃)₂; R² is H, D,F, Cl, —CN, —OH, —SH, —NH₂, —NH(CH₃), —N(CH₃)₂, —NHS(═O)₂CH₃,—OC(═O)CH₃, —CO₂H, —CO₂CH₃, —NHC(═O)CH₃, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH₂CH₃,—CH(CH₃)₂, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, —C(CH₃)₃, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃,—OCH(CH₃)₂, —SCH₃, —SCH₂CH₃, —SCH(CH₃)₂, —CD₃, —OCD₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂,—CF₃, —CH₂CF₃, —OCH₂F, —OCHF₂, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CF₃, —CH₂OH, —CH₂OCH₃,—CH₂OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂NHCH₃, or —CH₂N(CH₃)₂; or R¹ and R² are takentogether with the intervening atoms to form a substituted orunsubstituted fused 5-membered ring or substituted or unsubstitutedfused 6-membered ring with 0-3 N atoms and 0-2 O or S atoms in the ringthat is a substituted or unsubstituted dihydrofuranyl, a substituted orunsubstituted dihydropyrrolyl, substituted or unsubstituted dioxolyl,substituted or unsubstituted furanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedthienyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolyl, substituted orunsubstituted oxazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted thiazolyl,substituted or unsubstituted imidazolyl, substituted or unsubstitutedpyrazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted triazolyl, substituted orunsubstituted isoxazolyl or substituted or unsubstituted isothiazolyl,substituted or unsubstituted piperidinyl, substituted or unsubstitutedpiperazinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyridinyl, substituted orunsubstituted pyrimidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrazinyl, orsubstituted or unsubstituted pyridazinyl; R³ is H, D, F, Cl, —CN, —OH,—SH, —NH₂, —NH(CH₃), —N(CH₃)₂, —NHS(═O)₂CH₃, —OC(═O)CH₃, —CO₂H, —CO₂CH₃,—NHC(═O)CH₃, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃,—CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, —C(CH₃)₃, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —OCH(CH₃)₂, —SCH₃, —SCH₂CH₃,—SCH(CH₃)₂, —CD₃, —OCD₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —CH₂CF₃, —OCH₂F, —OCHF₂,—OCF₃, —OCH₂CF₃, —CH₂OH, —CH₂OCH₃, —CH₂OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂NHCH₃, or—CH₂N(CH₃)₂.

In some embodiments, R¹ is H, D, F, Cl, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —NH(CH₃),—N(CH₃)₂, —NHS(═O)₂CH₃, —OC(═O)CH₃, —CO₂H, —CO₂CH₃, —NHC(═O)CH₃, —CH₃,—CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, —C(CH₃)₃,—OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —OCH(CH₃)₂, —CD₃, —OCD₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —CH₂CF₃,—OCH₂F, —OCHF₂, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CF₃, —CH₂OH, —CH₂OCH₃, —CH₂OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂NH₂,—CH₂NHCH₃, or —CH₂N(CH₃)₂; R² is H, D, F, Cl, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —NH(CH₃),—N(CH₃)₂, —NHS(═O)₂CH₃, —OC(═O)CH₃, —CO₂H, —CO₂CH₃, —NHC(═O)CH₃, —CH₃,—CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, —C(CH₃)₃,—OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —OCH(CH₃)₂, —CD₃, —OCD₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —CH₂CF₃,—OCH₂F, —OCHF₂, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CF₃, —CH₂OH, —CH₂OCH₃, —CH₂OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂NH₂,—CH₂NHCH₃, or —CH₂N(CH₃)₂; or R¹ and R² are taken together with theintervening atoms to form a substituted or unsubstituted fused5-membered ring with 0-3 N atoms and 0-2 O or S atoms in the ring thatis a substituted or unsubstituted dihydrofuranyl, substituted orunsubstituted dioxolyl, substituted or unsubstituted furanyl,substituted or unsubstituted thienyl, substituted or unsubstitutedpyrrolyl, substituted or unsubstituted oxazolyl, substituted orunsubstituted thiazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted imidazolyl,substituted or unsubstituted pyrazolyl, substituted or unsubstitutedtriazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted isoxazolyl or substituted orunsubstituted isothiazolyl; R³ is H, D, F, Cl, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —NH(CH₃),—N(CH₃)₂, —NHS(═O)₂CH₃, —OC(═O)CH₃, —CO₂H, —CO₂CH₃, —NHC(═O)CH₃, —CH₃,—CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, —C(CH₃)₃,—OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —OCH(CH₃)₂, —CD₃, —OCD₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —CH₂CF₃,—OCH₂F, —OCHF₂, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CF₃, —CH₂OH, —CH₂OCH₃, —CH₂OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂NH₂,—CH₂NHCH₃, or —CH₂N(CH₃)₂.

In some embodiments, R¹ is H, D, F, Cl, —CN, —OH, —SH, —NH₂, —NH(CH₃),—N(CH₃)₂, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —SCH₃, —SCH₂CH₃, —CD₃, —OCD₃,—CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —CH₂CF₃, —OCH₂F, —OCHF₂, —OCF₃, or —OCH₂CF₃; R² isH, D, F, Cl, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —SCH₃, —SCH₂CH₃, —CD₃,—OCD₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —OCH₂F, —OCHF₂, —OCF₃, or —OCH₂CF₃; R³ is H,D, F, Cl, —CH₃, —OCH₃, —SCH₃, —CD₃, —OCD₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —CH₂CF₃,—OCH₂F, —OCHF₂, or —OCF₃.

In some embodiments, R¹ is H, D, F, Cl, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —NH(CH₃),—N(CH₃)₂, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CD₃, —OCD₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂,—CF₃, —CH₂CF₃, —OCH₂F, —OCHF₂, —OCF₃, or —OCH₂CF₃; R² is H, D, F, Cl,—CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CD₃, —OCD₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —OCH₂F,—OCHF₂, —OCF₃, or —OCH₂CF₃; R³ is H, D, F, Cl, —CH₃, —OCH₃, —CD₃, —OCD₃,—CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —CH₂CF₃, —OCH₂F, —OCHF₂, or —OCF₃.

In some embodiments, R¹ is —OH, —SH, —NH₂, —NH(CH₃), —N(CH₃)₂, —CH₃,—OCH₃, —SCH₃, —CD₃, —OCD₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —OCH₂F, —OCHF₂, —OCF₃, or—OCH₂CF₃; R² is H, D, F, Cl, —CH₃, —CD₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, or —CF₃; R³ is H.

In some embodiments, R¹ is —OH, —NH₂, —NH(CH₃), —N(CH₃)₂, —CH₃, —OCH₃,—CD₃, —OCD₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —OCH₂F, —OCHF₂, —OCF₃, or —OCH₂CF₃; R²is H, D, F, Cl, —CH₃, —CD₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, or —CF₃; R³ is H.

In some embodiments, R¹ is H, D, F, Cl, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —NH(CH₃),—N(CH₃)₂, —CH₃, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —OCH(CH₃)₂, —CD₃, —OCD₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂,—CF₃, —CH₂CF₃, —OCH₂F, —OCHF₂, or —OCF₃; R² is H, D, F, Cl, —CN, —OH,—CH₃, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —OCH(CH₃)₂, —CD₃, —OCD₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃, or—OCF₃.

In some embodiments, R¹ is —OH, —NH₂, —NH(CH₃), —N(CH₃)₂, —OCH₃, —OCD₃,—OCH₂F, —OCHF₂, or —OCF₃; R² is F, Cl, —CN, —OH, —CH₃, —OCH₃, —CD₃,—OCD₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃, or —OCF₃. In some embodiments, R¹ is —OH, or—OCH₃; R² is H, D, F, Cl, —CH₃, or —CF₃.

In some embodiments,

In some embodiments,

In some embodiments,

In some embodiments,

In some embodiments,

In some embodiments,

In some embodiments,

In some embodiments, X² is N; X³ is N; each X⁴ is CH.

In some embodiments,

In some embodiments, the compound has the structure of Formula (IX), ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments, R¹ is H, D, F, Cl, —CN, —OH, —SH, —NH₂, —NH(CH₃),—N(CH₃)₂, —NHS(═O)₂CH₃, —OC(═O)CH₃, —CO₂H, —CO₂CH₃, —NHC(═O)CH₃, —CH₃,—CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, —C(CH₃)₃,—OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —OCH(CH₃)₂, —SCH₃, —SCH₂CH₃, —SCH(CH₃)₂, —CD₃, —OCD₃,—CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —CH₂CF₃, —OCH₂F, —OCHF₂, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CF₃, —CH₂OH,—CH₂OCH₃, —CH₂OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂NHCH₃, or —CH₂N(CH₃)₂.

In some embodiments, R¹ is H, D, F, Cl, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —NH(CH₃),—N(CH₃)₂, —NHS(═O)₂CH₃, —OC(═O)CH₃, —CO₂H, —CO₂CH₃, —NHC(═O)CH₃, —CH₃,—CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, —C(CH₃)₃,—OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —OCH(CH₃)₂, —CD₃, —OCD₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —CH₂CF₃,—OCH₂F, —OCHF₂, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CF₃, —CH₂OH, —CH₂OCH₃, —CH₂OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂NH₂,—CH₂NHCH₃, or —CH₂N(CH₃)₂.

In some embodiments, R¹ is H, D, F, Cl, —CN, —OH, —SH, —NH₂, —NH(CH₃),—N(CH₃)₂, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —SCH₃, —SCH₂CH₃, —CD₃, —OCD₃,—CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —CH₂CF₃, —OCH₂F, —OCHF₂, —OCF₃, or —OCH₂CF₃.

In some embodiments, R¹ is H, D, F, Cl, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —NH(CH₃),—N(CH₃)₂, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CD₃, —OCD₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂,—CF₃, —CH₂CF₃, —OCH₂F, —OCHF₂, —OCF₃, or —OCH₂CF₃.

In some embodiments, R¹ is —OH, —SH, —NH₂, —NH(CH₃), —N(CH₃)₂, —CH₃,—OCH₃, —SCH₃, —CD₃, —OCD₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —OCH₂F, —OCHF₂, —OCF₃, or—OCH₂CF₃.

In some embodiments, R¹ is —OH, —NH₂, —NH(CH₃), —N(CH₃)₂, —CH₃, —OCH₃,—CD₃, —OCD₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —OCH₂F, —OCHF₂, —OCF₃, or —OCH₂CF₃.

In some embodiments, R⁸ is H, D, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂,—CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, —C(CH₃)₃, —CD₃, —CH₂F,—CHF₂, —CF₃, —CH₂CF₃, —CHFCH₃, —CH₂CH₂F, —CH₂CH₂OH, —CH₂CH₂OCH₃,—CH₂CH₂NH₂, —CH₂CH₂NHCH₃, —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)₂, —C(═O)CH₃, —C(═O)CH₂CH₃,—C(═O)CH(CH₃)₂, —CO₂CH₃, —CO₂CH₂CH₃, —CO₂CH(CH₃)₂, —C(═O)NHCH₃,—S(═O)₂CH₃, —S(═O)₂NHCH₃, substituted or unsubstituted cyclopropyl,substituted or unsubstituted cyclobutyl, substituted or unsubstitutedcyclopentyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl, substituted orunsubstituted oxetanyl, substituted or unsubstituted tetrahydrofuranyl,substituted or unsubstituted tetrahydropyranyl, or substituted orunsubstituted tetrahydrothiopyranyl.

In some embodiments, R⁸ is H, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂,—CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, —C(CH₃)₃, —CD₃, —CH₂F,—CHF₂, —CF₃, —CH₂CF₃, —CHFCH₃, —CH₂CH₂F, —CH₂CH₂OH, —CH₂CH₂OCH₃,—CH₂CH₂NH₂, —CH₂CH₂NHCH₃, —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)₂, substituted or unsubstitutedcyclopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclobutyl, substituted orunsubstituted cyclopentyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl,substituted or unsubstituted oxetanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedtetrahydrofuranyl, or substituted or unsubstituted tetrahydropyranyl.

In some embodiments, R⁸ is —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂,—CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, —C(CH₃)₃, —CD₃, —CH₂F,—CHF₂, —CF₃, —CH₂CF₃, —CHFCH₃, —CH₂CH₂F, —CH₂CH₂OH, —CH₂CH₂OCH₃,—CH₂CH₂NH₂, —CH₂CH₂NHCH₃, —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)₂, substituted or unsubstitutedcyclopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclobutyl, substituted orunsubstituted cyclopentyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl,substituted or unsubstituted oxetanyl, substituted or unsubstitutedtetrahydrofuranyl, or substituted or unsubstituted tetrahydropyranyl.

In some embodiments, R⁸ is H, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂,—CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, —C(CH₃)₃, —CD₃, —CH₂F,—CHF₂, —CF₃, —CH₂CF₃, —CHFCH₃, —CH₂CH₂F, —CH₂CH₂OH, —CH₂CH₂OCH₃,—CH₂CH₂NH₂, —CH₂CH₂NHCH₃, —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)₂, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, ortetrahydropyranyl. In some embodiments, R⁸ is H, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃,—CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, —C(CH₃)₃, —CD₃,—CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —CH₂CF₃, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl,cyclohexyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, or tetrahydropyranyl. In someembodiments, R⁸ is —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂, or cyclopropyl.In some embodiments, R⁸ is —CH(CH₃)₂, or cyclopropyl.

In some embodiments, each R¹² is independently H, C₁-C₄alkyl,C₁-C₄deuteroalkyl, C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl, C₁-C₄heteroalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₂-C₆heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substitutedor unsubstituted benzyl, or substituted or unsubstituted monocyclicheteroaryl. In some embodiments, each R¹² is independently H,C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₃-C₆cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆heterocycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbenzyl, substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl. In someembodiments, each R¹² is independently H, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄heteroalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆heterocycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted benzyl, orsubstituted or unsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl. In some embodiments,each R¹² is independently H, C₁-C₄alkyl, or substituted or unsubstitutedC₂-C₆heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R¹² is independently Hor C₁-C₄alkyl.

In some embodiments, when two R¹² are attached to an N atom, then oneR¹² is H or C₁-C₄alkyl. In some embodiments, when two R¹² are attachedto an N atom, then one R¹² is H or C₁-C₄alkyl and the other R¹² is H,C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₃-C₆cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆heterocycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstitutedbenzyl, substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, when two R¹² are attached to an N atom, then oneR¹² is H or C₁-C₄alkyl and the other R¹² is H, C₁-C₄alkyl,C₁-C₄heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆heterocycloalkyl, orsubstituted or unsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, when two R¹² are attached to an N atom, then oneR¹² is H or C₁-C₄alkyl and the other R¹² is H, C₁-C₄alkyl,C₁-C₄deuteroalkyl, C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl, C₁-C₄heteroalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₂-C₆heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substitutedor unsubstituted benzyl, substituted or unsubstituted monocyclicheteroaryl.

In some embodiments, each R¹⁶ is independently H, D, F, Cl, —CN, —OH,—NH₂, —NH(CH₃), —N(CH₃)₂, —NHS(═O)₂CH₃, —C(═O)CH₃, —OC(═O)CH₃, —CO₂H,—CO₂CH₃, —NHC(═O)CH₃, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂,—CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, —C(CH₃)₃, —CH═CH₂, —CH═CHCH₃, —C≡CH,—C≡CCH₃, —C≡CCH₂CH₃, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —OCH(CH₃)₂, —SCH₃, —SCH₂CH₃,—SCH(CH₃)₂, —S(═O)CH₃, —S(═O)CH₂CH₃, —S(═O)CH(CH₃)₂, —S(═O)₂CH₃,—S(═O)₂CH₂CH₃, —S(═O)₂CH(CH₃)₂, —CD₃, —OCD₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃,—CH₂CF₃, —OCH₂F, —OCHF₂, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CF₃, —CH₂OH, —CH₂CH₂OH, —CH₂OCH₃,—CH₂OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂NHCH₃, or —CH₂N(CH₃)₂, substituted orunsubstituted cyclopropyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclobutyl,substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentyl, substituted or unsubstitutedcyclohexyl, substituted or unsubstituted aziridinyl, substituted orunsubstituted azetidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl,substituted or unsubstituted piperidinyl, substituted or unsubstitutedtetrahydrofuranyl, substituted or unsubstituted tetrahydropyranyl,substituted or unsubstituted tetrahydrothiopyranyl, substituted orunsubstituted morpholinyl, substituted or unsubstituted thiomorpholinyl,or substituted or unsubstituted piperazinyl.

In some embodiments, each R¹⁶ is independently H, D, F, Cl, —CN, —OH,—NH₂, —NH(CH₃), —N(CH₃)₂, —NHS(═O)₂CH₃, —S(═O)₂CH₃, —C(═O)CH₃,—OC(═O)CH₃, —CO₂H, —CO₂CH₃, —NHC(═O)CH₃, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH₂CH₃,—CH(CH₃)₂, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, —C(CH₃)₃, —CH═CH₂, —CH═CHCH₃,—C≡CH, —C≡CCH₃, —C≡CCH₂CH₃, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —OCH(CH₃)₂, —CD₃, —OCD₃,—CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —CH₂CF₃, —OCH₂F, —OCHF₂, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CF₃, —CH₂OH,—CH₂CH₂OH, —CH₂OCH₃, —CH₂OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂NHCH₃, or —CH₂N(CH₃)₂,substituted or unsubstituted cyclopropyl, substituted or unsubstitutedcyclobutyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentyl, substituted orunsubstituted cyclohexyl, substituted or unsubstituted aziridinyl,substituted or unsubstituted azetidinyl, substituted or unsubstitutedpyrrolidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted piperidinyl, substituted orunsubstituted tetrahydrofuranyl, substituted or unsubstitutedtetrahydropyranyl, substituted or unsubstituted tetrahydrothiopyranyl,substituted or unsubstituted morpholinyl, substituted or unsubstitutedthiomorpholinyl, or substituted or unsubstituted piperazinyl.

In some embodiments, each R¹⁶ is independently H, D, F, Cl, —CH₃,—CH₂CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂, —C(CH₃)₃, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —OCH(CH₃)₂, —SCH₃,—SCH₂CH₃, —SCH(CH₃)₂, —CD₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —CH₂CF₃, substituted orunsubstituted cyclopropyl, or substituted or unsubstituted cyclobutyl.

In some embodiments, each R¹⁶ is independently H, D, F, Cl, —CH₃,—CH₂CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂, —C(CH₃)₃, —CD₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —CH₂CF₃,substituted or unsubstituted cyclopropyl, or substituted orunsubstituted cyclobutyl.

In some embodiments, each R¹⁶ is independently H, D, F, Cl, —CH₃,—CH₂CH₃, —CD₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃, or —CH₂CF₃.

In some embodiments, the compound has the structure of Formula (X), or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof:

In some embodiments, the compound has the structure of Formula (XI), ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof:

Any combination of the groups described above for the various variablesis contemplated herein. Throughout the specification, groups andsubstituents thereof are chosen by one skilled in the field to providestable moieties and compounds.

In some embodiments, compounds described herein include, but are notlimited to, those described in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Compound Structure Chemical Name 1

trans-4-Hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3- (4-mehtyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 2

trans-N-((trans-4-(3-Cyano-4- methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(1-ethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4- hydroxycyclohexanecarboxamide2.01

trans-4-Hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3- (1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 2.02

trans-N-(3-(1-Ethyl-1H-pyraozl-4- yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl) cyclohexanecarboxamide 2.03

trans-N-((trans-4-(3-Cyano-4- methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-4-hydroxy-N-(3-(1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol- 4-yl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide2.04

trans-N-((trans-4-(3-Cyano-4- methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(1-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxamide 2.05

trans-N-(3-(1-(2,2-Difluoroethyl)-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 2.06

trans-4-Hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)- N-(3-(1-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl) cyclohexanecarboxamide 2.07

trans-N-(4-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans- 4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl) cyclohexanecarboxamide 2.08

trans-N-(4-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-4-hydroxy-N-((4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1- yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide2.09

trans-4-Hydroxy-N-(4-(1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-((4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1- yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 3

trans-N-(3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl) cyclohexanecarboxamide 3.01

trans-4-Hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)- N-(3-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 3.02

trans-4-Hydroxy-N-(3-(1-isoproyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(4- methoxy-3- methyphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 3.03

trans-4-Hydroxy-N-(3-(1-isobutyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl) cyclohexanecarboxamide 3.04

trans-4-Hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)- N-(3-(1-propyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 3.05

trans-4-Hydroxy-N-(3-(1-(2- hydroxyethyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy- 3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 3.06

trans-N-(3-(1-(2- (Dimethylamino)ethyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans- 4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl) cyclohexanecarboxamide 3.07

trans-4-Hydorxy-N-((trans-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)- N-(3-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl) cyclohexanecarboxamide 3.08

trans-N-(3-(1-Cyclobutyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 3.09

trans-4-Hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4- methox-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3- (1-(oxetan-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 3.10

trans-4-Hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3- (1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl) cyclohexanecarboxamide 3.11

trans-N-(3-(1-(Difluoromethyl)-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 3.12

trans-N-(3-(1-(2-Fluoroethyl)-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 3.13

trans-N-(3-(1-(sec-Butyl)-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 4

trans-4-Hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3- ((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4- yl)ethynyl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 4.01

trans-N-(3-((1H-Pyrazol-4- yl)ethynyl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 4.02

trans-4-Hydroxy-N-((trans-4- (4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3- ((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3- yl)ethynyl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 4.03

trans-N-(3-((1H-Pyrazol-3- yl)ethynyl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 5

trans-N-(3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(3-fluoro-1-methyl-1H-indazol- 5-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxamide 5.01

trans-4-Hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3- (3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1- yl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 5.02

trans-N-(3-(1-Cyclopropyl- 1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(6-(dimethylamino) pyridin-3-yl)cyclohexyl) methyl)-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxamide 5.03

trans-N-((trans-4-(3-Chloro-4- methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(1-cyclopropyl- 1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxamide 5.04

trans-N-(3-(1-cyclopropyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(5-methoxy-6- methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexane- carboxamide 5.05

trans-N-((trans-4-(6-Cyano-5- methoxypyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(1- cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) phenyl)-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxamide 5.06

trans-N-((trans-4-(Benzo[d][1,3] dioxol-5-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(1-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol- 4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxamide 5.07

trans-4-Hydroxy-N-(3-(1- isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(5- methoxy-6-mehtylpyridin-2- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 5.08

trans-N-(3-(1-(tert-Butyl)-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 5.09

trans-N-(4-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(5-methoxy- 6-methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 5.10

trans-N-((trans-4-(5-chloro-6- methoxypyridin-3-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(1- cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) phenyl)-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxamide 5.11

trans-4-Hydroxy-N-(4-(1- isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-((trans-4- (4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl) cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 5.12

trans-N-(3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(6-methoxy-5- methylpyridin-3-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 5.13

trans-N-((trans-4-(3-Cyano-4- methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(4-(1-cyclopropyl- 1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxamide 5.14

trans-N-((trans-4-(3-Cyano-4- methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-4-hydroxy-N-(4-(1- isopropyl-1H-pyrazol- 4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 5.15

trans-N-(3-(1-(tert-Butyl)-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(5-methoxy-6- methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 5.16

trans-N-(3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(1-ethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) cyclohexyl)methyl)-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxamide 5.17

trans-N-(3-(1-Cyclobutyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(5-methoxy-6- methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 5.18

trans-N-(3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(5-methoxy-4- methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 5.19

trans-4-Hydroxy-N-(4-(1- isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-((trans-4-(5-methoxy-6- methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 5.20

trans-N-((trans-4-(6-Cyano-5- methoxypyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-4-hydroxy-N-(4- (1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) pyridin-2-yl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 5.21

trans-N-(3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(1-methyl-1H-pyrrolo [2,3-c]pyridin-5-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 5.22

trans-N-((trans-4-(6-Cyano-5- methoxypyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(4-(1- cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-4- hydroxycyclohexanecarboxamide 5.23

trans-N-((trans-4-(6-Cyano-5- methoxypyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-4-hydroxy-N-(3- (1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazl-4- yl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarbooxamide 5.24

N-(3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl) cyclohexyl)methyl) cyclohexanecarboxamide5.25

cis-N-(3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 5.26

trans-N-(4-(1-cyclopropyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)-6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-4-hydroxy-n-((trans-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl) cyclohexanecarboxamide 5.27

(1r,4r)-4-Hydroxy-N-(3-(1- isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl) cyclohexyl)methyl)-4-methylcyclohexanecarboxamide 5.28

(1s,4s)-4-Hydroxy-N-(3-(1- isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy- 3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl) methyl)-4-methylcyclohexanecarboxamide 5.29

trans-4-Hydroxy-N-(4-(1- Isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-((trans-4-(6-methoxy-5- methylpyridin-3-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 5.30

trans-N-((trans-4-(5-Chloro-6- methoxypyridin-3-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-4-hydroxy-N-(4-(1- isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) pyridin-2-yl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 6

trans-N-(3-(1-Cyclopropyl- 1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl)methyl) cyclohexanecarboxamide 6.01

trans-N-(3-(1-Cyclopropyl- 1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((4-(6-(dimethylamino)pyridin-3- yl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl) methyl)-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxamide 6.02

trans-4-Hydroxy-N-(3-(1- isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl) bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 7

trans-4-Amino-N-(3-(1-isopropyl- 1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl) cyclohexyl)methyl) cyclohexanecarboxamide7.01

trans-4-Amino-N-(3-(1-cyclopropyl- 1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo [2.2.2]octan-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 8

trans-N-(3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-hydroxy-3- methylphenyl)cylcohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide

In some embodiments, provided herein is a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt or solvate of a compound that is described in Table 1

In one aspect, compounds described herein are in the form ofpharmaceutically acceptable salts. As well, active metabolites of thesecompounds having the same type of activity are included in the scope ofthe present disclosure. In addition, the compounds described herein canexist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms with pharmaceuticallyacceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. The solvatedforms of the compounds presented herein are also considered to bedisclosed herein.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable,” as used herein, refers a material, suchas a carrier or diluent, which does not abrogate the biological activityor properties of the compound, and is relatively nontoxic, i.e., thematerial is administered to an individual without causing undesirablebiological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any ofthe components of the composition in which it is contained.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a form of atherapeutically active agent that consists of a cationic form of thetherapeutically active agent in combination with a suitable anion, or inalternative embodiments, an anionic form of the therapeutically activeagent in combination with a suitable cation. Handbook of PharmaceuticalSalts: Properties, Selection and Use. International Union of Pure andApplied Chemistry, Wiley-VCH 2002. S. M. Berge, L. D. Bighley, D. C.Monkhouse, J. Pharm. Sci. 1977, 66, 1-19. P. H. Stahl and C. G. Wermuth,editors, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection andUse, Weinheim/Zirich: Wiley-VCH/VHCA, 2002. Pharmaceutical saltstypically are more soluble and more rapidly soluble in stomach andintestinal juices than non-ionic species and so are useful in soliddosage forms. Furthermore, because their solubility often is a functionof pH, selective dissolution in one or another part of the digestivetract is possible, and this capability can be manipulated as one aspectof delayed and sustained release behaviors. Also, because thesalt-forming molecule can be in equilibrium with a neutral form, passagethrough biological membranes can be adjusted.

In some embodiments, pharmaceutically acceptable salts are obtained byreacting a compound described herein with an acid to provide a“pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt.” In some embodiments,the compound described herein (i.e. free base form) is basic and isreacted with an organic acid or an inorganic acid. Inorganic acidsinclude, but are not limited to, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid,sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, and metaphosphoric acid.Organic acids include, but are not limited to, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoicacid; 2,2-dichloroacetic acid; 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid;2-oxoglutaric acid; 4-acetamidobenzoic acid; 4-aminosalicylic acid;acetic acid; adipic acid; ascorbic acid (L); aspartic acid (L);benzenesulfonic acid; benzoic acid; camphoric acid (+);camphor-10-sulfonic acid (+); capric acid (decanoic acid); caproic acid(hexanoic acid); caprylic acid (octanoic acid); carbonic acid; cinnamicacid; citric acid; cyclamic acid; dodecylsulfuric acid;ethane-1,2-disulfonic acid; ethanesulfonic acid; formic acid; fumaricacid; galactaric acid; gentisic acid; glucoheptonic acid (D); gluconicacid (D); glucuronic acid (D); glutamic acid; glutaric acid;glycerophosphoric acid; glycolic acid; hippuric acid; isobutyric acid;lactic acid (DL); lactobionic acid; lauric acid; maleic acid; malic acid(−L); malonic acid; mandelic acid (DL); methanesulfonic acid; monomethylfumarate, naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid; naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid;nicotinic acid; oleic acid; oxalic acid; palmitic acid; pamoic acid;phosphoric acid; proprionic acid; pyroglutamic acid (−L); salicylicacid; sebacic acid; stearic acid; succinic acid; sulfuric acid; tartaricacid (+L); thiocyanic acid; toluenesulfonic acid (p); and undecylenicacid.

In some embodiments, a compound described herein is prepared as achloride salt, sulfate salt, bromide salt, mesylate salt, maleate salt,citrate salt or phosphate salt.

In some embodiments, pharmaceutically acceptable salts are obtained byreacting a compound described herein with a base to provide a“pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salt.”

In some embodiments, the compound described herein is acidic and isreacted with a base. In such situations, an acidic proton of thecompound described herein is replaced by a metal ion, e.g., lithium,sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, or an aluminum ion. In somecases, compounds described herein coordinate with an organic base, suchas, but not limited to, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine,tromethamine, meglumine, N-methylglucamine, dicyclohexylamine,tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine. In other cases, compounds describedherein form salts with amino acids such as, but not limited to,arginine, lysine, and the like. Acceptable inorganic bases used to formsalts with compounds that include an acidic proton, include, but are notlimited to, aluminum hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide,sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, lithiumhydroxide, and the like. In some embodiments, the compounds providedherein are prepared as a sodium salt, calcium salt, potassium salt,magnesium salt, meglumine salt, N-methylglucamine salt or ammonium salt.

It should be understood that a reference to a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt includes the solvent addition forms. In someembodiments, solvates contain either stoichiometric ornon-stoichiometric amounts of a solvent, and are formed during theprocess of isolating or purifying the compound with pharmaceuticallyacceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. Hydrates areformed when the solvent is water, or alcoholates are formed when thesolvent is alcohol. Solvates of compounds described herein areconveniently prepared or formed during the processes described herein.In addition, the compounds provided herein optionally exist inunsolvated as well as solvated forms.

The methods and formulations described herein include the use ofN-oxides (if appropriate), crystalline forms (also known as polymorphs),or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds described herein, aswell as active metabolites of these compounds having the same type ofactivity.

In some embodiments, sites on the organic radicals (e.g. alkyl groups,aromatic rings) of compounds described herein are susceptible to variousmetabolic reactions. Incorporation of appropriate substituents on theorganic radicals will reduce, minimize or eliminate this metabolicpathway. In specific embodiments, the appropriate substituent todecrease or eliminate the susceptibility of the aromatic ring tometabolic reactions is, by way of example only, a halogen, deuterium, analkyl group, a haloalkyl group, or a deuteroalkyl group.

In another embodiment, the compounds described herein are labeledisotopically (e.g. with a radioisotope) or by another other means,including, but not limited to, the use of chromophores or fluorescentmoieties, bioluminescent labels, or chemiluminescent labels.

Compounds described herein include isotopically-labeled compounds, whichare identical to those recited in the various formulae and structurespresented herein, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replacedby an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from theatomic mass or mass number usually found in nature. Examples of isotopesthat can be incorporated into the present compounds include isotopes ofhydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine and chlorine, such as, forexample, ²H, ³H, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁸O, ¹⁷O, ³⁵S ¹⁸F, ³⁶Cl. In one aspect,isotopically-labeled compounds described herein, for example those intowhich radioactive isotopes such as ³H and ¹⁴C are incorporated, areuseful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution assays. In oneaspect, substitution with isotopes such as deuterium affords certaintherapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, suchas, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosagerequirements. In some embodiments, one or more hydrogen atoms of thecompounds described herein is replaced with deuterium.

In some embodiments, the compounds described herein possess one or morestereocenters and each stereocenter exists independently in either the Ror S configuration. The compounds presented herein include alldiastereomeric, enantiomeric, atropisomers, and epimeric forms as wellas the appropriate mixtures thereof. The compounds and methods providedherein include all cis, trans, syn, anti, entgegen (E), and zusammen (Z)isomers as well as the appropriate mixtures thereof.

Individual stereoisomers are obtained, if desired, by methods such as,stereoselective synthesis and/or the separation of stereoisomers bychiral chromatographic columns. In certain embodiments, compoundsdescribed herein are prepared as their individual stereoisomers byreacting a racemic mixture of the compound with an optically activeresolving agent to form a pair of diastereoisomeric compounds/salts,separating the diastereomers and recovering the optically pureenantiomers. In some embodiments, resolution of enantiomers is carriedout using covalent diastereomeric derivatives of the compounds describedherein. In another embodiment, diastereomers are separated byseparation/resolution techniques based upon differences in solubility.In other embodiments, separation of steroisomers is performed bychromatography or by the forming diastereomeric salts and separation byrecrystallization, or chromatography, or any combination thereof. JeanJacques, Andre Collet, Samuel H. Wilen, “Enantiomers, Racemates andResolutions”, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1981. In some embodiments,stereoisomers are obtained by stereoselective synthesis.

In some embodiments, compounds described herein are prepared asprodrugs. A “prodrug” refers to an agent that is converted into theparent drug in vivo. Prodrugs are often useful because, in somesituations, they are easier to administer than the parent drug. Theyare, for instance, bioavailable by oral administration whereas theparent is not. The prodrug may be a substrate for a transporter. Furtheror alternatively, the prodrug also has improved solubility inpharmaceutical compositions over the parent drug. In some embodiments,the design of a prodrug increases the effective water solubility. Anexample, without limitation, of a prodrug is a compound describedherein, which is administered as an ester (the “prodrug”) but then ismetabolically hydrolyzed to provide the active entity. A further exampleof a prodrug is a short peptide (polyaminoacid) bonded to an acid groupwhere the peptide is metabolized to reveal the active moiety. In certainembodiments, upon in vivo administration, a prodrug is chemicallyconverted to the biologically, pharmaceutically or therapeuticallyactive form of the compound. In certain embodiments, a prodrug isenzymatically metabolized by one or more steps or processes to thebiologically, pharmaceutically or therapeutically active form of thecompound.

Prodrugs of the compounds described herein include, but are not limitedto, esters, ethers, carbonates, thiocarbonates, N-acyl derivatives,N-acyloxyalkyl derivatives, quaternary derivatives of tertiary amines,N-Mannich bases, Schiff bases, amino acid conjugates, phosphate esters,and sulfonate esters. See for example Design of Prodrugs, Bundgaard, A.Ed., Elseview, 1985 and Method in Enzymology, Widder, K. et al., Ed.;Academic, 1985, vol. 42, p. 309-396; Bundgaard, H. “Design andApplication of Prodrugs” in A Textbook of Drug Design and Development,Krosgaard-Larsen and H. Bundgaard, Ed., 1991, Chapter 5, p. 113-191; andBundgaard, H., Advanced Drug Delivery Review, 1992, 8, 1-38, each ofwhich is incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, ahydroxyl group in the compounds disclosed herein is used to form aprodrug, wherein the hydroxyl group is incorporated into an acyloxyalkylester, alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl ester, alkyl ester, aryl ester, phosphateester, sugar ester, ether, and the like. In some embodiments, a hydroxylgroup in the compounds disclosed herein is a prodrug wherein thehydroxyl is then metabolized in vivo to provide a carboxylic acid group.In some embodiments, a carboxyl group is used to provide an ester oramide (i.e. the prodrug), which is then metabolized in vivo to provide acarboxylic acid group. In some embodiments, compounds described hereinare prepared as alkyl ester prodrugs.

Prodrug forms of the herein described compounds, wherein the prodrug ismetabolized in vivo to produce a compound described herein as set forthherein are included within the scope of the claims. In some cases, someof the herein-described compounds is a prodrug for another derivative oractive compound.

Prodrug forms of the herein described compounds, wherein the prodrug ismetabolized in vivo to produce a compound described herein as set forthherein are included within the scope of the claims. In some cases, someof the herein-described compounds is a prodrug for another derivative oractive compound. In some embodiments, a prodrug of the compounddisclosed herein permits targeted delivery of the compound to aparticular region of the gastrointestinal tract. Formation of apharmacologically active metabolite by the colonic metabolism of drugsis a commonly used “prodrug” approach for the colon-specific drugdelivery systems.

In some embodiments, a prodrug is formed by the formation of a covalentlinkage between drug and a carrier in such a manner that upon oraladministration the moiety remains intact in the stomach and smallintestine. This approach involves the formation of prodrug, which is apharmacologically inactive derivative of a parent drug molecule thatrequires spontaneous or enzymatic transformation in the biologicalenvironment to release the active drug. Formation of prodrugs hasimproved delivery properties over the parent drug molecule. The problemof stability of certain drugs from the adverse environment of the uppergastrointestinal tract can be eliminated by prodrug formation, which isconverted into parent drug molecule once it reaches into the colon. Sitespecific drug delivery through site specific prodrug activation may beaccomplished by the utilization of some specific property at the targetsite, such as altered pH or high activity of certain enzymes relative tothe non-target tissues for the prodrug-drug conversion.

In some embodiments, covalent linkage of the drug with a carrier forms aconjugate conjugate. Such conjugates include, but are not limited to,azo bond conjugates, glycoside conjugates, glucuronide conjugates,cyclodextrin conjugates, dextran conjugates or amino-acid conjugates.

In additional or further embodiments, the compounds described herein aremetabolized upon administration to an organism in need to produce ametabolite that is then used to produce a desired effect, including adesired therapeutic effect.

A “metabolite” of a compound disclosed herein is a derivative of thatcompound that is formed when the compound is metabolized. The term“active metabolite” refers to a biologically active derivative of acompound that is formed when the compound is metabolized. The term“metabolized,” as used herein, refers to the sum of the processes(including, but not limited to, hydrolysis reactions and reactionscatalyzed by enzymes) by which a particular substance is changed by anorganism. Thus, enzymes may produce specific structural alterations to acompound. For example, cytochrome P450 catalyzes a variety of oxidativeand reductive reactions while uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferasescatalyze the transfer of an activated glucuronic-acid molecule toaromatic alcohols, aliphatic alcohols, carboxylic acids, amines and freesulphydryl groups. Metabolites of the compounds disclosed herein areoptionally identified either by administration of compounds to a hostand analysis of tissue samples from the host, or by incubation ofcompounds with hepatic cells in vitro and analysis of the resultingcompounds.

In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are rapidlymetabolized following absorption from the gastro-intestinal tract tometabolites that have greatly reduced FXR agonist activity.

In additional or further embodiments, the compounds are rapidlymetabolized in plasma.

In additional or further embodiments, the compounds are rapidlymetabolized by the intestines.

In additional or further embodiments, the compounds are rapidlymetabolized by the liver.

Synthesis of Compounds

Compounds described herein are synthesized using standard synthetictechniques or using methods known in the art in combination with methodsdescribed herein.

Unless otherwise indicated, conventional methods of mass spectroscopy,NMR, HPLC, protein chemistry, biochemistry, recombinant DNA techniquesand pharmacology are employed.

Compounds are prepared using standard organic chemistry techniques suchas those described in, for example, March's Advanced Organic Chemistry,6^(th) Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Alternative reactionconditions for the synthetic transformations described herein may beemployed such as variation of solvent, reaction temperature, reactiontime, as well as different chemical reagents and other reactionconditions. The starting materials are available from commercial sourcesor are readily prepared.

Suitable reference books and treatise that detail the synthesis ofreactants useful in the preparation of compounds described herein, orprovide references to articles that describe the preparation, includefor example, “Synthetic Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., NewYork; S. R. Sandler et al., “Organic Functional Group Preparations,” 2ndEd., Academic Press, New York, 1983; H. O. House, “Modem SyntheticReactions”, 2nd Ed., W. A. Benjamin, Inc. Menlo Park, Calif. 1972; T. L.Gilchrist, “Heterocyclic Chemistry”, 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, NewYork, 1992; J. March, “Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanismsand Structure”, 4th Ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1992. Additionalsuitable reference books and treatise that detail the synthesis ofreactants useful in the preparation of compounds described herein, orprovide references to articles that describe the preparation, includefor example, Fuhrhop, J. and Penzlin G. “Organic Synthesis: Concepts,Methods, Starting Materials”, Second, Revised and Enlarged Edition(1994) John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 3-527-29074-5; Hoffman, R. V. “OrganicChemistry, An Intermediate Text” (1996) Oxford University Press, ISBN0-19-509618-5; Larock, R. C. “Comprehensive Organic Transformations: AGuide to Functional Group Preparations” 2nd Edition (1999) Wiley-VCH,ISBN: 0-471-19031-4; March, J. “Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions,Mechanisms, and Structure” 4th Edition (1992) John Wiley & Sons, ISBN:0-471-60180-2; Otera, J. (editor) “Modern Carbonyl Chemistry” (2000)Wiley-VCH, ISBN: 3-527-29871-1; Patai, S. “Patai's 1992 Guide to theChemistry of Functional Groups” (1992) Interscience ISBN: 0-471-93022-9;Solomons, T. W. G. “Organic Chemistry” 7th Edition (2000) John Wiley &Sons, ISBN: 0-471-19095-0; Stowell, J. C., “Intermediate OrganicChemistry” 2nd Edition (1993) Wiley-Interscience, ISBN: 0-471-57456-2;“Industrial Organic Chemicals: Starting Materials and Intermediates: AnUllmann's Encyclopedia” (1999) John Wiley & Sons, ISBN: 3-527-29645-X,in 8 volumes; “Organic Reactions” (1942-2000) John Wiley & Sons, in over55 volumes; and “Chemistry of Functional Groups” John Wiley & Sons, in73 volumes.

The compounds described herein are prepared by the general syntheticroutes described below in Schemes 1 to 11.

In some embodiments, intermediates used in the preparation of compoundsdescribed herein are prepared as outlined in Scheme 1.

In Scheme 1, substituents X², X³, X⁴, R¹, and R² are as describedherein. In some embodiments, X² is C—R², X³ is C—H, and each X⁴ is C—H.In some embodiments, X is a halide. In some embodiments, X is chloro,bromo, or iodo.

In some embodiments, boronic ester I-2 is reacted with halide I-1 undersuitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions to provideI-3. In some embodiments, suitable metal-catalyzed cross-couplingconditions include the use of palladium. In some embodiments, suitablepalladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions includePd(dppf)Cl₂ or Pd(PPh₃)₄ with an appropriate base, with an appropriatesolvent or solvent mixture for an appropriate time and at an appropriatetemperature. In some embodiments, the base is an inorganic base. In someembodiments, the inorganic base is a carbonate base such as Na₂CO₃ orCs₂CO₃. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent or solvent mixtureis dioxane, acetonitrile, DME/EtOH, or ethanol. In some embodiments, theappropriate time and appropriate temperature is about 2 hours to about18 hours (overnight) at about 50° C. or about 100° C.

In some embodiments, I-3 is subjected to suitable hydrogenationconditions followed by treatment under appropriate acidic conditions toprovide cyclohexanone I-4. In some embodiments, suitable hydrogenationconditions include the use of palladium. Palladium-catalyzedhydrogenation conditions include the use of 10% Pd/C with hydrogen (1atm) in a suitable solvent, such as EtOAc, ethanol, methanol or acombination of these solvents, for an appropriate amount of time at anappropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the appropriate amount oftime is about 4.5 hours to about 18 hours (overnight) at about rt. Insome embodiments, appropriate acidic conditions include formic acid inwater and toluene for a suitable amount of time at an appropriatetemperature. In some embodiments, the suitable amount of time at anappropriate temperature is about 4 hours at about 120° C. In someembodiments, the suitable amount of time at an appropriate temperatureis about 18 hours (overnight) at reflux. In some embodiments,appropriate acidic conditions include PPTS in acetone and water for asuitable amount of time at an appropriate temperature. In someembodiments, the suitable amount of time at an appropriate temperatureis about 10 hours at about 60° C. In some embodiments, appropriateacidic conditions include 3 M HCl and THF for a suitable amount of timeat an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the suitable amountof time at an appropriate temperature is about 3 hours to aboutovernight at about 60° C.

In some embodiments, I-4 is reacted under suitable onecarbon-homologation conditions to provide I-5. In some embodiments,suitable one carbon-homologation conditions include the use ofphosphonium reagents. In some embodiments, suitableone-carbon-homologation conditions, includes pre-treating(methoxymethyl)triphenyl phosphonium [Ph₃P⁺CH₂OCH₃ Cl⁻] with anappropriate base, with an appropriate solvent for an appropriate amountof time at an appropriate temperature before the addition ofcyclohexanone I-4. In some embodiments, the appropriate base is NaHMDS.In some embodiments, the appropriate base is KHMDS or LiHMDS. In someembodiments, the appropriate solvent is THF. In some embodiments, theappropriate amount of time before addition of cyclohexanone I-4 at anappropriate temperature is about 30 mins to about 2 hours at about 0° C.In some embodiments, after I-4 is added the reaction is continued for anadditional about 30 mins to about 3 hours at about 0° C. In someembodiments, the reaction is allowed to warm to about room temperatureovernight.

In some embodiments, I-5 is then subjected under suitable acidicconditions to provide a mixture of cis and trans aldehydes I-6. In someembodiments, suitable acidic conditions include formic acid inwater/toluene at about 120° C. to about 130° C. for about 2 hours toabout overnight. In some embodiments, suitable acidic conditions includeHCl in THF at about 60° C. for about 1 hour or about 6 hours. In someembodiments, further subjection of aldehyde I-6 under appropriate basicconditions provides a mostly trans aldehyde I-6. In some embodiments,appropriate basic conditions include NaOH in a suitable solvent mixture,such as H₂O, EtOH, and PhMe, for an appropriate amount of time at anappropriate temperature. In some embodiments, THF is used instead ofPhMe. In some embodiments, the appropriate amount of time at anappropriate temperature is about 5.5 hours to about overnight at aboutrt. In some embodiments, appropriate basic conditions include NaOMe in asuitable solvent, such as MeOH, for an appropriate amount of time at anappropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the appropriate amount oftime at an appropriate temperature is at about 4 hours to about 18 hoursat about room temperature. In some embodiments, further purification viacrystallization or chromatography provides pure trans aldehyde I-6.

In some embodiments, intermediates used in the preparation of compoundsdescribed herein are prepared as outlined in Scheme 2.

In Scheme 2, substituents X², X³, X⁴, R¹, R², and m are as describedherein. In some embodiments, X² is C—R², X³ is C—H, and each X⁴ is C—H.In some embodiments, R⁶ is alkyl. In some embodiments, R⁶ is methyl. Insome embodiments, X is a halogen. In some embodiments, X is chloro,bromo, or iodo.

In some embodiments, II-1 is cooled to a suitable temperature, reactedunder suitable metal-halogen exchange conditions with an appropriatesolvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature, andthen later reacted with an appropriate ketone II-2 for an appropriatetime and at an appropriate temperature to provide II-3. In someembodiments, suitable metal-halogen exchange conditions include anorganometallic reagent. In some embodiments, an appropriate solvent isTHF. In some embodiments, the organometallic reagent is an alkyllithium. In some embodiments, the alkylithium is n-butyl lithium. Insome embodiments, II-1 is cooled to about −78° C. before addition of anorganometallic reagent. In some embodiments, II-1 is reacted for abouttwo hours at about −78° C. before addition of the appropriate ketoneII-2. In some embodiments, the intermediate organometallic reagent isreacted for about 3 hours after the addition of ketone II-2. In someembodiments, the intermediate organometallic reagent is reacted at about−78° C. after the addition of ketone II-2.

In some embodiments, alcohol II-3 is reacted under appropriate reductionconditions with an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at anappropriate temperature to form a mixture of dehydrated and reducedproducts. In some embodiments, conditions include the use oftrifluoracetic acid and a silyl hydride. In some embodiments, the silylhydride is triethylsilane. In some embodiments, the appropriate solventis dichloromethane. In some embodiments, the temperature is about 0° C.to about rt or about 0° C. In some embodiments, the appropriate time isabout overnight or about 1 hour. In some embodiments, the mixture ofreduced and dehydrated products is reacted under the appropriateconditions with an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at anappropriate temperature to form a ketone. In some embodiments, theappropriate solvent is a formic acid, toluene, and water mixture. Insome embodiments, the appropriate temperature is about 130° C. In someembodiments, the appropriate time is about overnight. In someembodiments, the appropriate solvent is a formic acid, THF, and watermixture. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is about 80°C. In some embodiments, the appropriate time is about 18 hours. In someembodiments, this ketone, containing the dehydrated side product, isfully reduced under suitable reduction conditions with an appropriatesolvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature toform II-4. In some embodiments, the appropriate reduction conditionsinclude the use of hydrogen as a reducing agent. In some embodiments,the hydrogen is at a pressure of about 15 psi or about 30 psi. In someembodiments, the alkene reduction includes use of a palladium catalyst.In some embodiments, the palladium catalyst is 10% palladium on carbon.In some embodiments, the solvent is ethyl acetate and concentrated HCl.In some embodiments, the solvent is ethyl acetate. In some embodiments,the temperature is about rt. In some embodiments, the appropriate timeis about 30 min to about 18 hours.

In some embodiments, II-4 is pre-treated with an electrophile R⁶X in anappropriate solvent and at an appropriate temperature. In someembodiments, the electrophile is an alkyl halide. In some embodiments, Xis chloro, bromo, or iodo. In some embodiments, the electrophile ismethyl iodide. In some embodiments, the temperature is about −78° C. Insome embodiments, the mixture is further reacted with a base for anappropriate time and at an appropriate temperature to form an alkylatedproduct. In some embodiments, the base is lithium diisopropyldiamide. Insome embodiments, the appropriate time is about 2 hours. In someembodiments, the temperature is about −78° C. In some embodiments, themixture is further allowed to warm to about rt over a suitable amount oftime. In some embodiments, a suitable amount of time is about overnight.

In some embodiments, ketone II-4 is transformed into aldehyde II-7 asdescribed in Scheme 1.

Alternatively in some embodiments, II-4 is reacted under suitable onecarbon-homologation conditions to provide alkene II-5. In someembodiments, suitable one carbon-homologation conditions include the useof phosphonium reagents. In some embodiments, suitableone-carbon-homologation conditions, includes pre-treatingmethyltriphenyl phosphonium bromide [Ph₃P⁺CH₃ Br⁻] with an appropriatebase in an appropriate solvent for an appropriate amount of time at anappropriate temperature before the addition of cyclohexanone II-4. Insome embodiments, the appropriate base is an organic base. In someembodiments, the appropriate base is an alkoxide base. In someembodiments, the appropriate base is potassium tert-butoxide. In someembodiments, the appropriate solvent is toluene. In some embodiments,the appropriate time before adding the ketone is about 30 min. In someembodiments, the temperature of the reaction before adding the ketone isabout 100° C. In some embodiments, ketone II-4 is added in theappropriate solvent, at the appropriate temperature, and for theappropriate amount of time. In some embodiments, the reactiontemperature is about 50° C. after the addition of the ketone. In someembodiments, the ketone is added in toluene. In some embodiments, theketone is further reacted at a suitable temperature for a suitableamount of time. In some embodiments, the ketone is further reacted atabout 100° C. In some embodiments, the ketone is further reacted forabout 2 hours.

In some embodiments, alkene II-5 is subjected to hydration conditions toform II-6. In some embodiments, the hydration conditions includetreatment with a reducing agent followed by an oxidizing agent. Thereducting agent is reacted with II-5 in the appropriate solvent, at theappropriate temperature, and for the appropriate amount of time. In someembodiments, the reducing agent is a borane. In some embodiments, thereducing agent is BH₃—SMe₂. In some embodiments, the reducing agent isreacted with II-5 in THF. In some embodiments, the reaction temperatureis about 0° C. In some embodiments, the reaction proceeds for about onehour after addition of the reducing agent. In some embodiments, thereaction further continues at about rt. In some embodiments, thereaction further continues for about 3 hours. In some embodiments, theintermediate borane product is further oxidized with an oxiding agent toform alcohol II-6 in the appropriate solvent, at the appropriatetemperature, and for the appropriate amount of time. In someembodiments, the oxidizing agent is 30% H₂O₂. In some embodiments, theoxidation reaction is carried out in the prescence of a base. In someembodiments, the base is NaOH. In some embodiments, the solvent is H₂O.In some embodiments, the appropriate amount of time is about overnight.In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature is about rt.

In some embodiments, alcohol II-6 is subjected to an oxidizing agent toform aldehyde II-7. In some embodiments, the oxidizing agent is a Swernoxidant in the appropriate solvent, at the appropriate temperature, andfor the appropriate amount of time. In some embodiments, the Swernoxidant is formed with DMSO and oxalyl chloride. In some embodiments,the appropriate solvent is dichloromethane. In some embodiments, theappropriate temperature for Swern oxidant formation is about −78° C. Insome embodiments, the appropriate time for Swern oxidant formation is 30min. In some embodiments, II-6 is reacted with the Swern oxidant atabout −78° C. In some embodiments, II-6 is reacted with the Swernoxidant for about one hour. In some embodiments, a base is then added atthe appropriate temperature for the appropriate amount of time. In someembodiments, the base is an amine base. In some embodiments, the aminebase is triethylamine. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperatureis about −78° C. In some embodiments, the appropriate reaction timeafter addition of the base is about one hour. In some embodiments,oxidation produces II-7 as a mixture of cis and trans isomers.

In some embodiments, the cis/trans mixture of II-7 is equilibrated tomostly trans II-7 with an appropriate reagent, in the appropriatesolvent, at the appropriate temperature, and for the appropriate time.In some embodiments, the appropriate reagent is a base. In someembodiments, the base is an inorganic base. In some embodiments, thebase is sodium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the appropriate solventis a mixture, such as H₂O, EtOH and PhMe. In some embodiments, theappropriate time is about 3 hours. In some embodiments, the appropriatetemperature is about rt. In some embodiments, further purification viacrystallization or chromatography provides pure trans aldehyde II-7.

In some embodiments, intermediates used in the preparation of compoundsdescribed herein are prepared as outlined in Scheme 3.

In Scheme 3, substituents X², X³, X⁴, R¹, R², and m are as describedherein. In some embodiments, X² is C—R², X³ is C—H, and each X⁴ is C—H.In some embodiments, R⁶ is alkyl. In some embodiments, R⁶ is methyl.

In some embodiments, ketone III-1 is treated with a base to form anenolate with an appropriate base, in an appropriate solvent, for anappropriate amount of time, at an appropriate temperature. In someembodiments, the base is an organic base. In some embodiments, theorganic base is LiHMDS. In some embodiments, enolate formation takesplace at about −78° C. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent isTHF. In some embodiments, the appropriate time is about one hour. Insome embodiments, the enolate of ketone III-1 is reacted with a suitableelectrophile in an appropriate solvent to form enol ether III-2 at theappropriate temperature, for an appropriate amount of time. In someembodiments, the electrophile forms a sulfate ester. In someembodiments, the electrophile is PhNTf₂. In some embodiments, theappropriate temperature is about −78° C. and the appropriate time isabout 2 hours. In some embodiments, the reaction is further warmed to asuitable temperature over a suitable period of time. In someembodiments, the suitable temperature is about rt for about overnight.

In some embodiments, boronic acid III-3 is reacted with enol triflateIII-2 under suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditionsto provide III-4. In some embodiments, suitable metal-catalyzedcross-coupling conditions include palladium. In some embodiments,suitable palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions includePd(dppf)Cl₂ with an appropriate base, with an appropriate solvent for anappropriate time and at an appropriate temperature. In some embodiments,the base is an inorganic base. In some embodiments, the inorganic baseis a carbonate base such as Na₂CO₃. In some embodiments, the appropriatesolvent is a dioxane/water mixture. In some embodiments, the appropriatetime and appropriate temperature is about 6 hours at about 30° C.

In some embodiments, III-4 is subjected under suitable olefin reductionconditions followed by treatment under appropriate acidic conditions toprovide cyclohexanone III-5. In some embodiments, suitable reductionconditions include palladium-catalyzed hydrogenation conditions. In someembodiments, palladium-catalyzed hydrogenation conditions include use of10% Pd/C with hydrogen (1 atm) in a suitable solvent, such as EtOAc, foran appropriate amount of time at an appropriate temperature. In someembodiments, the appropriate amount of time is about overnight at aboutrt. In some embodiments, appropriate acidic conditions include the useof formic acid in water and toluene for a suitable amount of time at anappropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the suitable amount oftime at an appropriate temperature is about overnight at about 120° C.

In some embodiments, ketone III-5 is transformed into aldehyde I-6 orII-7, as shown in Scheme 1 and Scheme 2, respectively.

In some embodiments, compounds described herein are prepared as outlinedin Scheme 4.

In Scheme 4, substituents Y, X¹, X², X³, X⁴, R¹, R², and R⁸ are asdescribed herein. In some embodiments, X² is C—R², X³ is C—H, and eachX⁴ is C—H. In some embodiments, X is a halide. In some embodiments, X isiodo or bromo.

In some embodiments, trans aldehyde IV-1 is reacted with an appropriateaniline IV-2 under suitable reductive amination conditions. In someembodiments, suitable reductive amination conditions include the use ofa suitable reducing agent and acetic acid in an appropriate solvent,such as DCE or DCM, at an appropriate temperature for a suitable amountof time. In some embodiments, NaBH(OAc)₃ is used as a reducing agent. Insome embodiments, the appropriate temperature is about rt. In someembodiments, the suitable amount of time is about one hour to about 2.5hours. In some embodiments, suitable reaction conditions include aceticacid in an appropriate solvent, such as methanol, at an appropriatetemperature for a suitable amount of time before the addition of thereducing agent. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature andtime is about rt for about 5 minutes to about 4 hours. In someembodiments, the reaction is then further subjected to a suitablereducing agent, such as NaBH₃CN, for the appropriate time and at theappropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the appropriate amount oftime is about overnight at about rt.

In some embodiments, the acylation of amine IV-3 with an acyl chlorideaffords compound IV-4. Suitable acylation conditions include but are notlimited to the use of a suitable base, such as TEA or pyridine in asuitable solvent, such as DCM or toluene, for an appropriate amount oftime and at a suitable temperature, such as about rt to about 80° C. forabout 1 hour to about overnight. In some embodiments, pyridine is usedas both the base and the solvent. Other suitable conditions include theaddition of DMAP.

Boronic ester IV-5 may be prepared from IV-4 using boron-halogenexchange conditions in some embodiments. Suitable boron-halogen exchangeconditions include but are not limited to use of a suitableorganometallic reagent and a suitable boron reagent. In someembodiments, suitable organometallic reagents include palladium. In someembodiments, suitable boron reagents include bis(pinacolato)diboron. Insome embodiments, suitable palladium-catalyzed boron-halogen exchangeconditions include Pd(dppf)Cl₂ with an appropriate base, in anappropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriatetemperature. In some embodiments, the base is an inorganic base. In someembodiments, the inorganic base is an acetate base such as KOAc. In someembodiments, the appropriate solvent is toluene. In some embodiments,the appropriate time and appropriate temperature is about 4 hours toabout overnight and about 100° C. to about 115° C.

In some embodiments, boronic ester IV-5 is reacted with a heteroarylhalide under suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditionsto provide IV-6. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl halide is aheteroaryl bromide. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl halide is apyrazolyl halide. In some embodiments, suitable metal-catalyzedcross-coupling conditions include use of palladium. In some embodiments,suitable palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions includePd(dppf)Cl₂ or Pd(PPh₃)₄ with an appropriate base, with an appropriatesolvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature. Insome embodiments, the base is an inorganic base. In some embodiments,the inorganic base is a carbonate base such as K₂CO₃, Na₂CO₃ or Cs₂CO₃.In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is dioxane or DMF. In someembodiments, water is a co-solvent. In some embodiments, the appropriatetime and appropriate temperature is about 10 min to about 4 hours atabout 50° C. to about 80° C. In some embodiments, the appropriate timeand appropriate temperature is about 0.5 hours to about 6 hours at about80° C.

In some embodiments, aryl halide IV-4 is reacted with a boron reagentunder suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions toprovide IV-6. In some embodiments, the boron reagent is a heteroarylboronic acid. In some embodiments, the boron reagent is a heteroarylboronic ester. In some embodiments, the boron reagent is a heteroarylpinacolyl boronic ester. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl boronreagent is a pyrazolyl boron reagent. In some embodiments, suitablemetal-catalyzed cross-coupling conditions include palladium. In someembodiments, suitable palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactionconditions include Pd(dppf)Cl₂ or Pd(PPh₃)₄ with an appropriate base,with an appropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at anappropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the base is an inorganicbase. In some embodiments, the inorganic base is a carbonate base suchas Cs₂CO₃, Na₂CO₃, or K₂CO₃. In some embodiments, the appropriatesolvent is a dioxane/water or DMF/water mixture. In some embodiments,the appropriate time and appropriate temperature is about 10 min toabout 2 hours at about 50° C. to about 100° C. or at about 80° C.

In some embodiments, Y contains a protected alcohol. In someembodiments, Y is protected with a silyl ether. In some embodiments,protecting groups are removed to produce a free alcohol using suitabledeprotection conditions including appropriate solvent, temperature andtime to produce IV-6. In some embodiments, suitable deprotectionconditions include the use of aqueous HCl. In some embodiments, theappropriate solvent is water, THF, methanol, or a combination ofsolvents. In some embodiments, the appropriate time at the appropriatetemperature is about 30 min to about 1 hour at about 0° C. to about rt.

In some embodiments, compounds described herein are prepared as outlinedin Scheme 5.

In Scheme 5, substituents Y, X¹, X², X³, X⁴, R¹, R², R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁸, andm are as described herein. In some embodiments, X² is C—R², X³ is C—H,and each X⁴ is C—H. In some embodiments, X is a halide. In someembodiments, X is iodo or bromo. In some embodiments, R is an alkylgroup. In some embodiments, R is hydrogen.

In some embodiments, boron reagent V-1 is reacted with a heteroarylhalide V-2 under suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactionconditions to provide V-3. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl halide isheteroaryl bromide or heteroaryl iodide. In some embodiments, theheteroaryl halide is a pyrazolyl halide. In some embodiments, suitablemetal-catalyzed cross-coupling conditions include palladium. In someembodiments, suitable palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactionconditions include Pd(dppf)Cl₂ with an appropriate base, with anappropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriatetemperature. In some embodiments, the base is an inorganic base. In someembodiments, the inorganic base is a carbonate base such as K₂CO₃. Insome embodiments, the appropriate solvent is a dioxane/water mixture. Insome embodiments, the appropriate time and appropriate temperature isabout 4 hours at about 80° C.

In some embodiments, aryl halide V-4 is reacted with boron reagent V-5under suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditions toprovide V-3. In some embodiments, the boron reagent is a heteroarylboronic acid. In some embodiments, the boron reagent is a heteroarylboronic ester. In some embodiments, the boron reagent is a heteroarylpinacolyl boronic ester. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl boronreagent is a pyrazolyl boron reagent. In some embodiments, suitablemetal-catalyzed cross-coupling conditions include palladium. In someembodiments, suitable palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactionconditions include Pd(dppf)Cl₂ with an appropriate base, with anappropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriatetemperature. In some embodiments, the base is an inorganic base. In someembodiments, the inorganic base is a carbonate base such as K₂CO₃. Insome embodiments, the appropriate solvent is a dioxane/water mixture. Insome embodiments, the appropriate time and appropriate temperature isabout 20 min at about 90° C.

In some embodiments, an aldehyde is reacted with aniline V-3 undersuitable reductive amination conditions to form amine V-9. In someembodiments, suitable reductive amination conditions include use of asuitable reducing agent in an appropriate solvent, such as DCE or DCM,at an appropriate temperature for a suitable amount of time. In someembodiments, acetic acid is added. In some embodiments, NaBH(OAc)₃ isused as a reducing agent. In some embodiments, the appropriatetemperature is about rt. In some embodiments, the suitable amount oftime is about one hour to about overnight. In some embodiments, suitablereaction conditions include acetic acid in an appropriate solvent, suchas methanol, at an appropriate temperature for a suitable amount of timebefore the addition of the reducing agent. In some embodiments, theappropriate temperature and time is about rt for about 5 minutes toabout 4 hours. In some embodiments, the reaction is subjected to asuitable reducing agent, such as NaBH₃CN, for the appropriate time andat the appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, the appropriateamount of time is about overnight at about rt.

In some embodiments, the acylation of aniline V-9 with an acyl chlorideaffords amide V-10. Suitable acylation conditions include but are notlimited to the use of a suitable base, such as TEA or pyridine in asuitable solvent, such as DCM, toluene or pyridine, for an appropriateamount of time and at a suitable temperature, such as about 0° C. toabout 50° C. or about 0° C. to about 80° C. for about 10 min to aboutovernight. Other suitable conditions include the addition of DMAP.

In some embodiments, Y contains a protected alcohol. In someembodiments, Y is protected with a silyl ether. In some embodiments,protecting groups are removed to produce a free alcohol using suitabledeprotection conditions including appropriate solvent, temperature andtime to produce V-10. In some embodiments, suitable deprotectionconditions include the use of aqueous HCl. In some embodiments, theappropriate solvent is water, THF, methanol, or a combination ofsolvents. In some embodiments, the appropriate time at the appropriatetemperature is about 30 min to about 1 hour at about 0° C. to about rt.

In some embodiments, boron reagent V-6 is reacted with a heteroarylhalide V-7 under suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactionconditions to provide V-8. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl halide isheteroaryl bromide or heteroaryl iodide. In some embodiments, theheteroaryl halide is a pyrazolyl halide. In some embodiments, suitablemetal-catalyzed cross-coupling conditions include palladium. In someembodiments, suitable palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactionconditions include Pd(dppf)Cl₂ with an appropriate base, with anappropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriatetemperature. In some embodiments, the base is an inorganic base. In someembodiments, the inorganic base is a carbonate base such as Na₂CO₃. Insome embodiments, the appropriate solvent is a mixture of dioxane,ethanol and water. In some embodiments, the appropriate time andappropriate temperature is about overnight at about 80° C.

In some embodiments, V-8 is subjected to suitable nitro reductionconditions to provide aniline V-3. Suitable nitro reduction conditionsinclude palladium-catalyzed hydrogenation conditions. In someembodiments, suitable palladium-catalyzed hydrogenation conditionsinclude use of 10% Pd/C with hydrogen (1 atm) in a suitable solvent,such as methanol, for an appropriate amount of time at an appropriatetemperature. In some embodiments, appropriate conditions includeaddition of HCl in water. In some embodiments, the appropriate amount oftime is at the appropriate temperature is about one hour at about rt.

In some embodiments, compounds described herein are prepared as outlinedin Scheme 6.

In Scheme 6, substituents X¹, X², X³, X⁴, R¹, R², R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁸, R¹²,and m are as described herein. In some embodiments, X² is C—R², X³ isC—H, and each X⁴ is C—H.

In some embodiments, compound VI-2 is prepared from the O-alkylation ofVI-1 with R¹²X, a suitable base, and suitable solvent, such as THF, at asuitable temperature for a suitable amount of time. In some embodiments,X is a halide. In some embodiments, a suitable base is NaH. In someembodiments, the compound VI-1 is pretreated with the suitable base foran appropriate amount of time at an appropriate temperature, such asabout 0.5 h at about 0° C., before the addition of the halide R¹²X. Insome embodiments, the appropriate time and temperature is aboutovernight at about 60° C.

In some embodiments, compounds described herein are prepared as outlinedin Scheme 7.

In Scheme 7, substituents X¹, X², X³, X⁴, R¹, R², R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁸, and mare as described herein. In some embodiments, X² is C—R², X³ is C—H, andeach X⁴ is C—H.

In some embodiments, VII-1 is subjected under appropriate acidicconditions to provide an amine VII-2. In some embodiments, theappropriate acidic conditions include the use of TFA in a suitablesolvent, such as DCM, at an appropriate temperature for an appropriateamount of time. In some embodiments, the appropriate acidic conditionsinclude the use of HCl in a suitable solvent, such as dioxane, at anappropriate temperature for an appropriate amount of time. In someembodiments, the appropriate temperature for an appropriate amount oftime is about 0° C. to about rt for about 0.5 hours to about 2 hours.

In some embodiments, intermediates used in the preparation of compoundsdescribed herein are prepared as outlined in Scheme 8.

In Scheme 8, substituents X², X³, X⁴, R¹, and R² are as describedherein. In some embodiments, X² is C—R², X³ is C—H, and each X⁴ is C—H.In some embodiments, X is a halide. In some embodiments, X is chloro,bromo or iodo.

In some embodiments, halide VIII-1 is cooled to a suitable temperature,reacted under suitable metal-halogen exchange conditions with anappropriate solvent for an appropriate time and at an appropriatetemperature, and then later reacted with an appropriate ketone VIII-2for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature to provide atertiary alcohol. In some embodiments, suitable metal-halogen exchangeconditions include an organometallic reagent. In some embodiments, anappropriate solvent is THF. In some embodiments, the organometallicreagent is an alkyl lithium. In some embodiments, the alkylithium isn-butyl lithium. In some embodiments, VIII-1 is cooled to about −78° C.before addition of an organometallic reagent. In some embodiments,VIII-1 is reacted for about one hour at about −78° C. before addition ofthe appropriate ketone VIII-2. In some embodiments, VIII-1 is reactedfor about 2 hours after the addition of ketone VIII-2. In someembodiments, the appropriate temperature for reacting VIII-1 and ketoneVIII-2 is about −78° C. In some embodiments, the tertiary alcohol isreacted under appropriate allylation conditions which include use of anallylating reagent and a Lewis acid, in an appropriate solvent for anappropriate time and at an appropriate temperature to form VIII-3. Insome embodiments, the appropriate allylating reagent isallyltrimethylsilane. In some embodiments, the appropriate Lewis acid isBF₃—OEt₂. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is DCM. In someembodiments, the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time isabout −78° C. for about 1 hour. In some embodiments, the reaction isfurther warmed to about rt for about overnight. In some embodiments, theappropriate temperature for the appropriate time is about 0° C. forabout overnight.

In some embodiments, VIII-3 is reacted under suitable oxidative cleavageconditions for the appropriate time period, in the appropriate solvent,and at the appropriate temperature to produce VIII-4. In someembodiments, oxidative cleavage conditions include the use of an osmiumreagent and N-methylmorpholine N-oxide to form an intermediate diol. Insome embodiments, the osmium reagent is OsO₄ or K₂OsO₄-2H₂O. In someembodiments, an appropriate solvent is an ACN/water mixture. In someembodiments, an appropriate temperature for the appropriate time isabout 0° C. to about rt for about overnight. In some embodiments, thediol is cleaved to form VIII-4 under the appropriate oxidative cleavageconditions for the appropriate time period, in the appropriate solvent,and at the appropriate temperature. In some embodiments, appropriateoxidative cleavage conditions include the use of NaIO₄. In someembodiments, an appropriate solvent is a THF/water mixture. In someembodiments, the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time isabout 0° C. to about rt for about overnight.

In some embodiments, VIII-4 is reduced to a primary alcohol undersuitable reducing conditions, and then halogenated under suitablehalogenation conditions to produce VIII-5. In some embodiments, suitablereducing conditions include the use of a borohydride reagent. In someembodiments, reducing conditions include the use of NaBH₄ in theappropriate solvent, at an appropriate temperature for the appropriateamount of time. In some embodiments, an appropriate solvent is THF. Insome embodiments, an appropriate temperature for the appropriate time isabout 0° C. for about one hour. In some embodiments, the reaction iswarmed to about rt for about overnight. The alcohol is reacted undersuitable halogenation conditions to produce an alkyl halide in someembodiments. In some embodiments, suitable halogenation conditions arebromination conditions that include use of CBr₄ in an appropriatesolvent at an appropriate initial temperature followed by PPh₃ in theappropriate solvent, at an appropriate temperature for an appropriatetime. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is a halogenatedsolvent, such as DCM. In some embodiments, an appropriate initialtemperature is about 0° C. In some embodiments, an appropriatetemperature and time after addition of PPh₃ is about 0° C. for about onehour. In some embodiments, an appropriate solvent for addition of PPh₃is THF. In some embodiments, the reaction is further warmed to about rtfor about overnight.

In some embodiments, VIII-5 is subjected to intramolecular alkylationconditions to form VIII-6. In some embodiments, intramolecularalkylation conditions include a suitable base. In some embodiments, thesuitable base is lithium diisopropylamide in the appropriate solvent, atan appropriate temperature for an appropriate amount of time. In someembodiments, the appropriate solvent is a HMPA and THF mixture. In someembodiments, the appropriate temperature for the appropriate amount oftime is about −78° C. for about 3 hours or about −78° C. to rt for aboutovernight.

Ester VIII-6 is reduced to an alcohol by suitable reduction conditionsfollowed by oxidation to aldehyde VIII-7 by suitable oxidationconditions in some embodiments. In some embodiments, suitable reductionconditions include the use of DIBALH in an appropriate solvent at anappropriate temperature for an appropriate time. In some embodiments,the appropriate solvent is DCM. In some embodiments, the appropriatetemperature for the appropriate time is about −78° C. for about onehour. In some embodiments, the reaction is further warmed to about rtfor about two hours to produce an alcohol. In some embodiments, suitableoxidation conditions are chromium-based oxidations. In some embodiments,suitable oxidation conditions include the use of PCC in an appropriatesolvent at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate time. In someembodiments, silica gel is added. In some embodiments, the appropriatesolvent is DCM. In some embodiments, the appropriate temperature isabout rt for about 2 hours. Alternatively in some embodiments, theoxidations conditions include the use of oxalyl chloride and DMSO withan amine base in an appropriate solvent at an appropriate temperaturefor an appropriate time. In some embodiments, the appropriate amine baseis TEA. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is DCM. In someembodiments, the appropriate temperature for an appropriate amount oftime is about −78° C. for about one hour.

In some embodiments, intermediates used in the preparation of compoundsdescribed herein are prepared as outlined in Scheme 9.

In some embodiments, IX-1 is subjected to alcohol protection conditionsto form a bis-silyl intermediate, followed by hydrolysis conditions toform IX-2. In some embodiments, the alcohol protection conditionsinclude the use of TBSCl and an appropriate base at the appropriatetemperature, in the appropriate solvent, and for an appropriate periodof time. In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is DMF. In someembodiments, the appropriate base is imidazole. In some embodiments, theappropriate temperature for the appropriate time is about rt for about 2hours. In some embodiments, the intermediate silyl ester is subjected tohydrolysis conditions to form IX-2. In some embodiments, hydrolysisconditions include treatment with a base, at an appropriate temperature,in an appropriate solvent, and for an appropriate period of time. Insome embodiments, the appropriate solvent is an EtOH, H₂O, THF mixture.In some embodiments, the appropriate base is K₂CO₃. In some embodiments,the appropriate temperature for the appropriate time is about rt forabout 3 hours.

Compound IX-2 is converted to acid chloride IX-3 in some embodimentsunder chlorinating conditions. In some embodiments, chlorinatingconditions include the use of (chloromethylene)dimethyliminium chlorideand a base at a suitable temperature, in a suitable solvent. In someembodiments, the suitable base is anhydrous K₂CO₃. In some embodiments,the suitable temperature is about 0° C. In some embodiments, a suitablesolvent is toluene. In some embodiments, IX-2 is added and the mixturestirred at a suitable temperature for a suitable time to produce IX-3.In some embodiments, the suitable temperature for the suitable time isabout rt for about 0.5 to about one hour.

In some embodiments, compounds described herein are prepared as outlinedin Scheme 10.

In Scheme 10, substituents Y, X¹, X², X¹, X⁴, R¹, R², R⁶, R⁸, and m areas described herein. In some embodiments, X² is C—R², X³ is C—H, andeach X⁴ is C—H.

Alcohol X-1 is reacted under suitable halogenation conditions to producean alkyl halide X-2 in some embodiments. In some embodiments, suitablehalogenation conditions are bromination conditions including the use ofCBr₄ in an appropriate solvent at an appropriate initial temperaturefollowed by PPh₃ in the appropriate solvent, at an appropriatetemperature for an appropriate time. In some embodiments, theappropriate solvent is a halogenated solvent, such as DCM. In someembodiments, an appropriate initial temperature is about 0° C. In someembodiments, an appropriate temperature and time after addition of PPh₃is about 0° C. for about one hour. In some embodiments, the reaction isfurther warmed to about rt for about overnight.

In some embodiments, the acylation of amine X-3 with an acyl chlorideaffords compound X-4. Suitable acylation conditions include but are notlimited to the use of a suitable base, such as pyridine in a suitablesolvent, such as DCM or toluene at a suitable temperature, such as about0° C. In some embodiments, an acyl chloride is added in an appropriatesolvent at an appropriate temperature for an appropriate amount of time.In some embodiments, the appropriate solvent is toluene. In someembodiments, the appropriate temperature is about 0° C. then warming tort for about overnight.

In some embodiments, compound X-5 is prepared from the N-alkylation ofX-4 with bromide X-2 and a suitable base in suitable solvent, such asDMF, at a suitable temperature for a suitable amount of time. Suitablebases include NaH. In some embodiments, the compound X-4 is pretreatedwith the suitable base for an appropriate amount of time at anappropriate temperature, such as about two hours at about 0° C. to aboutrt, before the addition of bromide X-2. In some embodiments, theappropriate time and temperature after addition of bromide X-2 is aboutrt for about overnight. In some embodiments, Y contains a protectedalcohol. In some embodiments, Y is protected with a silyl ether. In someembodiments, protecting groups are removed to produce a free alcoholusing suitable deprotection conditions including an appropriate solvent,temperature and time to produce X-5. In some embodiments, suitabledeprotection conditions include the use of fluoride reagents. In someembodiments, the fluoride reagent is NH₄F. In some embodiments, theappropriate solvent is methanol. In some embodiments, the appropriatetime at the appropriate temperature is about overnight at about 60° C.

In some embodiments, compounds described herein are prepared as outlinedin Scheme 11.

In Scheme 11, substituents Y, X¹, X², X³, X⁴ 1, R², R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁸, andm are as described herein. In some embodiments, X² is C—R², X³ is C—H,and each X⁴ is C—H. In some embodiments, X is a suitable cross-couplingsubstituent. In some embodiments, X is a halide. In some embodiments, Xis chloro, bromo, or iodo.

In some embodiments, compound XI-1 is reacted with a suitable acetylenesource under suitable metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction conditionsto provide XI-2. In some embodiments, suitable metal-catalyzedcross-coupling conditions include palladium. In some embodiments, asuitable acetylene source is trimethylsilylacetylene. In someembodiments, suitable palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactionconditions include Pd(PPh₃)₂Cl₂, a copper catalyst, with an appropriatebase, for an appropriate time and at an appropriate temperature. In someembodiments, the copper catalyst is CuI. In some embodiments, the baseis an amine base, such as TEA. In some embodiments, the appropriate timeand appropriate temperature is about 6 hours at about 90° C. In someembodiments, the TMS-group is removed after the cross-coupling, undersuitable deprotection conditions including an appropriate solvent,temperature and time to produce to form XI-2. In some embodiments,suitable deprotection conditions include the use of fluoride reagents.In some embodiments, the fluoride reagent is NH₄F. In some embodiments,the appropriate solvent is methanol. In some embodiments, theappropriate time is about one hour at about 60° C.

In some embodiments, acetylene XI-2 is reacted with a suitableheteroaromatic halide under suitable metal-catalyzed cross-couplingreaction conditions to provide XI-3. In some embodiments, suitablemetal-catalyzed cross-coupling conditions include palladium. In someembodiments, a suitable heteroaromatic halide is a pyrazolyl halide. Insome embodiments, the heteroaromatic halide is a heteroaromatic iodide.In some embodiments, suitable palladium-catalyzed cross-couplingreaction conditions include Pd(PPh₃)₂C₁₂, a copper catalyst, with anappropriate base, for an appropriate time and at an appropriatetemperature. In some embodiments, the copper catalyst is CuI. In someembodiments, the base is an amine base, such as TEA. In someembodiments, the appropriate time and appropriate temperature is aboutone hour at about 80° C. to about 90° C. or about 70° C. to about 90° C.

In some embodiments, Y contains a protected alcohol. In someembodiments, Y is protected with a silyl ether. In some embodiments,protecting groups are removed to produce a free alcohol using suitabledeprotection conditions including appropriate solvent, temperature andtime to produce XI-3. In some embodiments, suitable deprotectionconditions include the use of aqueous HCl. In some embodiments, theappropriate solvent is water, THF, methanol, or a combination ofsolvents. In some embodiments, the appropriate time at the appropriatetemperature is about 30 min to about 1 hour at about 0° C. to about rt.

In some embodiments, compounds are prepared as described in theExamples.

Certain Terminology

Unless otherwise stated, the following terms used in this applicationhave the definitions given below. The use of the term “including” aswell as other forms, such as “include”, “includes,” and “included,” isnot limiting. The section headings used herein are for organizationalpurposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matterdescribed.

As used herein, C₁-C_(x) includes C₁-C₂, C₁-C₃ . . . C₁-C_(x). By way ofexample only, a group designated as “C₁-C₄” indicates that there are oneto four carbon atoms in the moiety, i.e. groups containing 1 carbonatom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms or 4 carbon atoms. Thus, by way ofexample only, “C₁-C₄ alkyl” indicates that there are one to four carbonatoms in the alkyl group, i.e., the alkyl group is selected from amongmethyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, andt-butyl.

An “alkyl” group refers to an aliphatic hydrocarbon group. The alkylgroup is branched or straight chain. In some embodiments, the “alkyl”group has 1 to 10 carbon atoms, i.e. a C₁-C₁₀alkyl. Whenever it appearsherein, a numerical range such as “1 to 10” refers to each integer inthe given range; e.g., “i to 10 carbon atoms” means that the alkyl groupconsist of 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, 4 carbonatoms, 5 carbon atoms, 6 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 10carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occurrenceof the term “alkyl” where no numerical range is designated. In someembodiments, an alkyl is a C₁-C₆alkyl. In one aspect, the alkyl ismethyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, ort-butyl. Typical alkyl groups include, but are in no way limited to,methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tertiarybutyl, pentyl, neopentyl, or hexyl.

An “alkylene” group refers to a divalent alkyl radical. Any of the abovementioned monovalent alkyl groups may be an alkylene by abstraction of asecond hydrogen atom from the alkyl. In some embodiments, an alkylene isa C₁-C₆alkylene. In other embodiments, an alkylene is a C₁-C₄alkylene.In certain embodiments, an alkylene comprises one to four carbon atoms(e.g., C₁-C₄ alkylene). In other embodiments, an alkylene comprises oneto three carbon atoms (e.g., C₁-C₃ alkylene). In other embodiments, analkylene comprises one to two carbon atoms (e.g., C₁-C₂ alkylene). Inother embodiments, an alkylene comprises one carbon atom (e.g., C₁alkylene). In other embodiments, an alkylene comprises two carbon atoms(e.g., C₂ alkylene). In other embodiments, an alkylene comprises two tofour carbon atoms (e.g., C₂-C₄ alkylene). Typical alkylene groupsinclude, but are not limited to, —CH₂—, —CH(CH₃)—, —C(CH₃)₂—, —CH₂CH₂—,—CH₂CH(CH₃)—, —CH₂C(CH₃)₂—, —CH₂CH₂CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂—, and the like.

“Deuteroalkyl” refers to an alkyl group where 1 or more hydrogen atomsof an alkyl are replaced with deuterium.

The term “alkenyl” refers to a type of alkyl group in which at least onecarbon-carbon double bond is present. In one embodiment, an alkenylgroup has the formula —C(R)═CR₂, wherein R refers to the remainingportions of the alkenyl group, which may be the same or different. Insome embodiments, R is H or an alkyl. In some embodiments, an alkenyl isselected from ethenyl (i.e., vinyl), propenyl (i.e., allyl), butenyl,pentenyl, pentadienyl, and the like. Non-limiting examples of an alkenylgroup include —CH═CH₂, —C(CH₃)═CH₂, —CH═CHCH₃, —C(CH₃)═CHCH₃, and—CH₂CH═CH₂.

The term “alkynyl” refers to a type of alkyl group in which at least onecarbon-carbon triple bond is present. In one embodiment, an alkenylgroup has the formula —C═C—R, wherein R refers to the remaining portionsof the alkynyl group. In some embodiments, R is H or an alkyl. In someembodiments, an alkynyl is selected from ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl,pentynyl, hexynyl, and the like. Non-limiting examples of an alkynylgroup include —C≡CH, —C≡CCH₃—C≡CCH₂CH₃, —CH₂C≡CH.

An “alkoxy” group refers to a (alkyl)O— group, where alkyl is as definedherein.

The term “alkylamine” refers to the —N(alkyl)_(x)H_(y) group, where x is0 and y is 2, or where x is 1 and y is 1, or where x is 2 and y is 0.

The term “aromatic” refers to a planar ring having a delocalizedπ-electron system containing 4n+2 π electrons, where n is an integer.The term “aromatic” includes both carbocyclic aryl (“aryl”, e.g.,phenyl) and heterocyclic aryl (or “heteroaryl” or “heteroaromatic”)groups (e.g., pyridine). The term includes monocyclic or fused-ringpolycyclic (i.e., rings which share adjacent pairs of carbon or nitrogenatoms) groups.

The term “carbocyclic” or “carbocycle” refers to a ring or ring systemwhere the atoms forming the backbone of the ring are all carbon atoms.The term thus distinguishes carbocyclic from “heterocyclic” rings or“heterocycles” in which the ring backbone contains at least one atomwhich is different from carbon. In some embodiments, at least one of thetwo rings of a bicyclic carbocycle is aromatic. In some embodiments,both rings of a bicyclic carbocycle are aromatic. Carbocycle includescycloalkyl and aryl.

As used herein, the term “aryl” refers to an aromatic ring wherein eachof the atoms forming the ring is a carbon atom. In one aspect, aryl isphenyl or a naphthyl. In some embodiments, an aryl is a phenyl. In someembodiments, an aryl is a C₆-C₁₀aryl. Depending on the structure, anaryl group is a monoradical or a diradical (i.e., an arylene group).

The term “cycloalkyl” refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic aliphatic,non-aromatic radical, wherein each of the atoms forming the ring (i.e.skeletal atoms) is a carbon atom. In some embodiments, cycloalkyls arespirocyclic or bridged compounds. In some embodiments, cycloalkyls areoptionally fused with an aromatic ring, and the point of attachment isat a carbon that is not an aromatic ring carbon atom. Cycloalkyl groupsinclude groups having from 3 to 10 ring atoms. In some embodiments,cycloalkyl groups are selected from among cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl,cyclooctyl, spiro[2.2]pentyl, norbornyl and bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl. Insome embodiments, a cycloalkyl is a C₃-C₆cycloalkyl. In someembodiments, a cycloalkyl is a monocyclic cycloalkyl. Monocycliccycloalkyls include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl. Polycycliccycloalkyls include, for example, adamantyl, norbornyl (i.e.,bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl), norbornenyl, decalinyl,7,7-dimethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, and the like

The term “halo” or, alternatively, “halogen” or “halide” means fluoro,chloro, bromo or iodo. In some embodiments, halo is fluoro, chloro, orbromo.

The term “haloalkyl” refers to an alkyl in which one or more hydrogenatoms are replaced by a halogen atom. In one aspect, a fluoroalkyl is aC₁-C₆fluoroalkyl.

The term “fluoroalkyl” refers to an alkyl in which one or more hydrogenatoms are replaced by a fluorine atom. In one aspect, a fluoroalkyl is aC₁-C₆fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, a fluoroalkyl is selected fromtrifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, fluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl,1-fluoromethyl-2-fluoroethyl, and the like.

The term “heteroalkyl” refers to an alkyl group in which one or moreskeletal atoms of the alkyl are selected from an atom other than carbon,e.g., oxygen, nitrogen (e.g. —NH—, —N(alkyl)-, sulfur, or combinationsthereof. A heteroalkyl is attached to the rest of the molecule at acarbon atom of the heteroalkyl. In one aspect, a heteroalkyl is aC₁-C₆heteroalkyl.

The term “heteroalkylene” refers to a divalent heteroalkyl radical.

The term “heterocycle” or “heterocyclic” refers to heteroaromatic rings(also known as heteroaryls) and heterocycloalkyl rings (also known asheteroalicyclic groups) containing one to four heteroatoms in thering(s), where each heteroatom in the ring(s) is selected from O, S andN, wherein each heterocyclic group has from 3 to 10 atoms in its ringsystem, and with the proviso that any ring does not contain two adjacentO or S atoms. In some embodiments, heterocycles are monocyclic,bicyclic, polycyclic, spirocyclic or bridged compounds. Non-aromaticheterocyclic groups (also known as heterocycloalkyls) include ringshaving 3 to 10 atoms in its ring system and aromatic heterocyclic groupsinclude rings having 5 to 10 atoms in its ring system. The heterocyclicgroups include benzo-fused ring systems. Examples of non-aromaticheterocyclic groups are pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl,tetrahydrothienyl, oxazolidinonyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyranyl,tetrahydrothiopyranyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl,thioxanyl, piperazinyl, aziridinyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl,homopiperidinyl, oxepanyl, thiepanyl, oxazepinyl, diazepinyl,thiazepinyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, pyrrolin-2-yl, pyrrolin-3-yl,indolinyl, 2H-pyranyl, 4H-pyranyl, dioxanyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl,pyrazolinyl, dithianyl, dithiolanyl, dihydropyranyl, dihydrothienyl,dihydrofuranyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl,3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanyl, 3-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptanyl, 3H-indolyl,indolin-2-onyl, isoindolin-1-onyl, isoindoline-1,3-dionyl,3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-onyl, 3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-onyl,isoindoline-1,3-dithionyl, benzo[d]oxazol-2(3H)-onyl,1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2(3H)-onyl, benzo[d]thiazol-2(3H)-onyl, andquinolizinyl. Examples of aromatic heterocyclic groups are pyridinyl,imidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl,furyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl,quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, indolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl,cinnolinyl, indazolyl, indolizinyl, phthalazinyl, pyridazinyl,triazinyl, isoindolyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl,furazanyl, benzofurazanyl, benzothiophenyl, benzothiazolyl,benzoxazolyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, naphthyridinyl, andfuropyridinyl. The foregoing groups are either C-attached (or C-linked)or N-attached where such is possible. For instance, a group derived frompyrrole includes both pyrrol-1-yl (N-attached) or pyrrol-3-yl(C-attached). Further, a group derived from imidazole includesimidazol-1-yl or imidazol-3-yl (both N-attached) or imidazol-2-yl,imidazol-4-yl or imidazol-5-yl (all C-attached). The heterocyclic groupsinclude benzo-fused ring systems. Non-aromatic heterocycles areoptionally substituted with one or two oxo (═O) moieties, such aspyrrolidin-2-one. In some embodiments, at least one of the two rings ofa bicyclic heterocycle is aromatic. In some embodiments, both rings of abicyclic heterocycle are aromatic.

The terms “heteroaryl” or, alternatively, “heteroaromatic” refers to anaryl group that includes one or more ring heteroatoms selected fromnitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Illustrative examples of heteroaryl groupsinclude monocyclic heteroaryls and bicyclic heteroaryls. Monocyclicheteroaryls include pyridinyl, imidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl,triazolyl, pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl, furyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl,oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, oxadiazolyl,thiadiazolyl, and furazanyl. Bicyclic heteroaryls include indolizine,indole, benzofuran, benzothiophene, indazole, benzimidazole, purine,quinolizine, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, phthalazine,quinazoline, quinoxaline, 1,8-naphthyridine, and pteridine. In someembodiments, a heteroaryl contains 0-4 N atoms in the ring. In someembodiments, a heteroaryl contains 1-4 N atoms in the ring. In someembodiments, a heteroaryl contains 0-4 N atoms, 0-1 O atoms, and 0-1 Satoms in the ring. In some embodiments, a heteroaryl contains 1-4 Natoms, 0-1 O atoms, and 0-1 S atoms in the ring. In some embodiments,heteroaryl is a C₁-C₉heteroaryl. In some embodiments, monocyclicheteroaryl is a C₁-C₅heteroaryl. In some embodiments, monocyclicheteroaryl is a 5-membered or 6-membered heteroaryl. In someembodiments, bicyclic heteroaryl is a C₆-C₉heteroaryl.

A “heterocycloalkyl” or “heteroalicyclic” group refers to a cycloalkylgroup that includes at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen,oxygen and sulfur. In some embodiments, a heterocycloalkyl is fused withan aryl or heteroaryl. In some embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl isoxazolidinonyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl,tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl,thiomorpholinyl, piperazinyl, piperidin-2-onyl,pyrrolidine-2,5-dithionyl, pyrrolidine-2,5-dionyl, pyrrolidinonyl,imidazolidinyl, imidazolidin-2-onyl, or thiazolidin-2-onyl. The termheteroalicyclic also includes all ring forms of the carbohydrates,including but not limited to the monosaccharides, the disaccharides andthe oligosaccharides. In one aspect, a heterocycloalkyl is aC₂-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl. In another aspect, a heterocycloalkyl is aC₄-C₁₀heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, a heterocycloalkyl contains0-2 N atoms in the ring. In some embodiments, a heterocycloalkylcontains 0-2 N atoms, 0-2 O atoms and 0-1 S atoms in the ring.

The term “bond” or “single bond” refers to a chemical bond between twoatoms, or two moieties when the atoms joined by the bond are consideredto be part of larger substructure. In one aspect, when a group describedherein is a bond, the referenced group is absent thereby allowing a bondto be formed between the remaining identified groups.

The term “moiety” refers to a specific segment or functional group of amolecule. Chemical moieties are often recognized chemical entitiesembedded in or appended to a molecule.

The term “optionally substituted” or “substituted” means that thereferenced group is optionally substituted with one or more additionalgroup(s) individually and independently selected from D, halogen, —CN,—NH₂, —NH(alkyl), —N(alkyl)₂, —OH, —CO₂H, —CO₂alkyl, —C(═O)NH₂,—C(═O)NH(alkyl), —C(═O)N(alkyl)₂, —S(═O)₂NH₂, —S(═O)₂NH(alkyl),—S(═O)₂N(alkyl)₂, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl,heteroalkyl, alkoxy, fluoroalkoxy, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,aryloxy, alkylthio, arylthio, alkylsulfoxide, arylsulfoxide,alkylsulfone, and arylsulfone. In some other embodiments, optionalsubstituents are independently selected from D, halogen, —CN, —NH₂,—NH(CH₃), —N(CH₃)₂, —OH, —CO₂H, —CO₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —C(═O)NH₂,—C(═O)NH(C₁-C₄alkyl), —C(═O)N(C₁-C₄alkyl)₂, —S(═O)₂NH₂,—S(═O)₂NH(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(C₁-C₄alkyl)₂, C₁-C₄alkyl,C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl, C₁-C₄heteroalkyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy,C₁-C₄fluoroalkoxy, —SC₁-C₄alkyl, —S(═O)C₁-C₄alkyl, and—S(═O)₂C₁-C₄alkyl. In some embodiments, optional substituents areindependently selected from D, halogen, —CN, —NH₂, —OH, —NH(CH₃),—N(CH₃)₂, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, and —OCF₃. In some embodiments,substituted groups are substituted with one or two of the precedinggroups. In some embodiments, an optional substituent on an aliphaticcarbon atom (acyclic or cyclic) includes oxo (═O).

The term “acceptable” with respect to a formulation, composition oringredient, as used herein, means having no persistent detrimentaleffect on the general health of the subject being treated.

The term “modulate” as used herein, means to interact with a targeteither directly or indirectly so as to alter the activity of the target,including, by way of example only, to enhance the activity of thetarget, to inhibit the activity of the target, to limit the activity ofthe target, or to extend the activity of the target.

The term “modulator” as used herein, refers to a molecule that interactswith a target either directly or indirectly. The interactions include,but are not limited to, the interactions of an agonist, partial agonist,an inverse agonist, antagonist, degrader, or combinations thereof. Insome embodiments, a modulator is an agonist.

The terms “administer,” “administering”, “administration,” and the like,as used herein, refer to the methods that may be used to enable deliveryof compounds or compositions to the desired site of biological action.These methods include, but are not limited to oral routes, intraduodenalroutes, parenteral injection (including intravenous, subcutaneous,intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intravascular or infusion), topical andrectal administration. Those of skill in the art are familiar withadministration techniques that can be employed with the compounds andmethods described herein. In some embodiments, the compounds andcompositions described herein are administered orally.

The terms “co-administration” or the like, as used herein, are meant toencompass administration of the selected therapeutic agents to a singlepatient and are intended to include treatment regimens in which theagents are administered by the same or different route of administrationor at the same or different time.

The terms “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount,” asused herein, refer to a sufficient amount of an agent or a compoundbeing administered, which will relieve to some extent one or more of thesymptoms of the disease or condition being treated. The result includesreduction and/or alleviation of the signs, symptoms, or causes of adisease, or any other desired alteration of a biological system. Forexample, an “effective amount” for therapeutic uses is the amount of thecomposition comprising a compound as disclosed herein required toprovide a clinically significant decrease in disease symptoms. Anappropriate “effective” amount in any individual case is optionallydetermined using techniques, such as a dose escalation study.

The terms “enhance” or “enhancing,” as used herein, means to increase orprolong either in potency or duration a desired effect. Thus, in regardto enhancing the effect of therapeutic agents, the term “enhancing”refers to the ability to increase or prolong, either in potency orduration, the effect of other therapeutic agents on a system. An“enhancing-effective amount,” as used herein, refers to an amountadequate to enhance the effect of another therapeutic agent in a desiredsystem.

The term “pharmaceutical combination” as used herein, means a productthat results from the mixing or combining of more than one activeingredient and includes both fixed and non-fixed combinations of theactive ingredients. The term “fixed combination” means that the activeingredients, e.g. a compound described herein, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, and a co-agent, are both administered to apatient simultaneously in the form of a single entity or dosage. Theterm “non-fixed combination” means that the active ingredients, e.g. acompound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, and a co-agent, are administered to a patient as separateentities either simultaneously, concurrently or sequentially with nospecific intervening time limits, wherein such administration provideseffective levels of the two compounds in the body of the patient. Thelatter also applies to cocktail therapy, e.g. the administration ofthree or more active ingredients.

The terms “kit” and “article of manufacture” are used as synonyms.

The term “subject” or “patient” encompasses mammals. Examples of mammalsinclude, but are not limited to, any member of the Mammalian class:humans, non-human primates such as chimpanzees, and other apes andmonkey species; farm animals such as cattle, horses, sheep, goats,swine; domestic animals such as rabbits, dogs, and cats; laboratoryanimals including rodents, such as rats, mice and guinea pigs, and thelike. In one aspect, the mammal is a human.

The terms “treat,” “treating” or “treatment,” as used herein, includealleviating, abating or ameliorating at least one symptom of a diseaseor condition, preventing additional symptoms, inhibiting the disease orcondition, e.g., arresting the development of the disease or condition,relieving the disease or condition, causing regression of the disease orcondition, relieving a condition caused by the disease or condition, orstopping the symptoms of the disease or condition eitherprophylactically and/or therapeutically.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are formulated intopharmaceutical compositions. Pharmaceutical compositions are formulatedin a conventional manner using one or more pharmaceutically acceptableinactive ingredients that facilitate processing of the active compoundsinto preparations that are used pharmaceutically. Proper formulation isdependent upon the route of administration chosen. A summary ofpharmaceutical compositions described herein is found, for example, inRemington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Nineteenth Ed (Easton,Pa.: Mack Publishing Company, 1995); Hoover, John E., Remington'sPharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. 1975;Liberman, H. A. and Lachman, L., Eds., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms,Marcel Decker, New York, N.Y., 1980; and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms andDrug Delivery Systems, Seventh Ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 1999),herein incorporated by reference for such disclosure.

In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are administeredeither alone or in combination with pharmaceutically acceptablecarriers, excipients or diluents, in a pharmaceutical composition.Administration of the compounds and compositions described herein can beaffected by any method that enables delivery of the compounds to thesite of action. These methods include, though are not limited todelivery via enteral routes (including oral, gastric or duodenal feedingtube, rectal suppository and rectal enema), parenteral routes (injectionor infusion, including intraarterial, intracardiac, intradermal,intraduodenal, intramedullary, intramuscular, intraosseous,intraperitoneal, intrathecal, intravascular, intravenous, intravitreal,epidural and subcutaneous), inhalational, transdermal, transmucosal,sublingual, buccal and topical (including epicutaneous, dermal, enema,eye drops, ear drops, intranasal, vaginal) administration, although themost suitable route may depend upon for example the condition anddisorder of the recipient. By way of example only, compounds describedherein can be administered locally to the area in need of treatment, byfor example, local infusion during surgery, topical application such ascreams or ointments, injection, catheter, or implant. The administrationcan also be by direct injection at the site of a diseased tissue ororgan.

In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions suitable for oraladministration are presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachetsor tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the activeingredient; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in anaqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquidemulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion. In some embodiments, theactive ingredient is presented as a bolus, electuary or paste.

Pharmaceutical compositions which can be used orally include tablets,push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules madeof gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol. Tablets maybe made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessoryingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in asuitable machine the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as apowder or granules, optionally mixed with binders, inert diluents, orlubricating, surface active or dispersing agents. Molded tablets may bemade by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compoundmoistened with an inert liquid diluent. In some embodiments, the tabletsare coated or scored and are formulated so as to provide slow orcontrolled release of the active ingredient therein. All formulationsfor oral administration should be in dosages suitable for suchadministration. The push-fit capsules can contain the active ingredientsin admixture with filler such as lactose, binders such as starches,and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally,stabilizers. In soft capsules, the active compounds may be dissolved orsuspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, orliquid polyethylene glycols. In some embodiments, stabilizers are added.Dragee cores are provided with suitable coatings. For this purpose,concentrated sugar solutions may be used, which may optionally containgum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethyleneglycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organicsolvents or solvent mixtures. Dyestuffs or pigments may be added to thetablets or Dragee coatings for identification or to characterizedifferent combinations of active compound doses.

In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions are formulated forparenteral administration by injection, e.g., by bolus injection orcontinuous infusion. Formulations for injection may be presented in unitdosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers, with anadded preservative. The compositions may take such forms as suspensions,solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may containformulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersingagents. The compositions may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dosecontainers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stored inpowder form or in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring onlythe addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example, saline orsterile pyrogen-free water, immediately prior to use. Extemporaneousinjection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterilepowders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described.

Pharmaceutical compositions for parenteral administration includeaqueous and non-aqueous (oily) sterile injection solutions of the activecompounds which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats andsolutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of theintended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensionswhich may include suspending agents and thickening agents. Suitablelipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils such as sesame oil,or synthetic fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides,or liposomes. Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances whichincrease the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sorbitol, or dextran. Optionally, the suspension may alsocontain suitable stabilizers or agents which increase the solubility ofthe compounds to allow for the preparation of highly concentratedsolutions.

Pharmaceutical compositions may also be formulated as a depotpreparation. Such long acting formulations may be administered byimplantation (for example subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or byintramuscular injection. Thus, for example, the compounds may beformulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (forexample, as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, oras sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly solublesalt.

For buccal or sublingual administration, the compositions may take theform of tablets, lozenges, pastilles, or gels formulated in conventionalmanner. Such compositions may comprise the active ingredient in aflavored basis such as sucrose and acacia or tragacanth.

Pharmaceutical compositions may also be formulated in rectalcompositions such as suppositories or retention enemas, e.g., containingconventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter, polyethyleneglycol, or other glycerides.

Pharmaceutical compositions may be administered topically, that is bynon-systemic administration. This includes the application of a compoundof the present invention externally to the epidermis or the buccalcavity and the instillation of such a compound into the ear, eye andnose, such that the compound does not significantly enter the bloodstream. In contrast, systemic administration refers to oral,intravenous, intraperitoneal and intramuscular administration.

Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for topical administration includeliquid or semi-liquid preparations suitable for penetration through theskin to the site of inflammation such as gels, liniments, lotions,creams, ointments or pastes, and drops suitable for administration tothe eye, ear or nose. The active ingredient may comprise, for topicaladministration, from 0.0010% to 10% w/w, for instance from 10% to 2% byweight of the formulation.

Pharmaceutical compositions for administration by inhalation areconveniently delivered from an insufflator, nebulizer pressurized packsor other convenient means of delivering an aerosol spray. Pressurizedpacks may comprise a suitable propellant such asdichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane,dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas. In thecase of a pressurized aerosol, the dosage unit may be determined byproviding a valve to deliver a metered amount. Alternatively, foradministration by inhalation or insufflation, pharmaceuticalpreparations may take the form of a dry powder composition, for examplea powder mix of the compound and a suitable powder base such as lactoseor starch. The powder composition may be presented in unit dosage form,in for example, capsules, cartridges, gelatin or blister packs fromwhich the powder may be administered with the aid of an inhalator orinsufflator.

In some embodiments, a compound disclosed herein is formulated in such amanner that delivery of the compound to a particular region of thegastrointestinal tract is achieved. For example, a compound disclosedherein is formulated for oral delivery with bioadhesive polymers,pH-sensitive coatings, time dependent, biodegradable polymers,microflora activated systems, and the like, in order to effectdelivering of the compound to a particular region of thegastrointestinal tract.

In some embodiments, a compound disclosed herein is formulated toprovide a controlled release of the compound. Controlled release refersto the release of the compound described herein from a dosage form inwhich it is incorporated according to a desired profile over an extendedperiod of time. Controlled release profiles include, for example,sustained release, prolonged release, pulsatile release, and delayedrelease profiles. In contrast to immediate release compositions,controlled release compositions allow delivery of an agent to a subjectover an extended period of time according to a predetermined profile.Such release rates can provide therapeutically effective levels of agentfor an extended period of time and thereby provide a longer period ofpharmacologic response while minimizing side effects as compared toconventional rapid release dosage forms. Such longer periods of responseprovide for many inherent benefits that are not achieved with thecorresponding short acting, immediate release preparations.

Approaches to deliver the intact therapeutic compound to the particularregions of the gastrointestinal tract (e.g. such as the colon), include:

(i) Coating with polymers: The intact molecule can be delivered to thecolon without absorbing at the upper part of the intestine by coating ofthe drug molecule with the suitable polymers, which degrade only in thecolon.

(ii) Coating with pH-sensitive polymers: The majority of enteric andcolon targeted delivery systems are based on the coating of tablets orpellets, which are filled into conventional hard gelatin capsules. Mostcommonly used pH-dependent coating polymers are methacrylic acidcopolymers, commonly known as Eudragit® S, more specifically Eudragit® Land Eudragit® S. Eudragit® L100 and S 100 are copolymers of methacrylicacid and methyl methacrylate.

(iii) Coating with biodegradable polymers;

(iv) Embedding in matrices;

(v) Embedding in biodegradable matrices and hydrogels;

(vi) Embedding in pH-sensitive matrices;

(vii) Timed release systems;

(viii) Redox-sensitive polymers;

(ix) Bioadhesive systems;

(x) Coating with microparticles;

(xi) Osmotic controlled drug delivery;

Another approach towards colon-targeted drug delivery orcontrolled-release systems includes embedding the drug in polymermatrices to trap it and release it in the colon. These matrices can bepH-sensitive or biodegradable. Matrix-Based Systems, such asmulti-matrix (MMX)-based delayed-release tablets, ensure the drugrelease in the colon.

Additional pharmaceutical approaches to targeted delivery oftherapeutics to particular regions of the gastrointestinal tract areknown. Chourasia M K, Jain S K, Pharmaceutical approaches to colontargeted drug delivery systems., J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2003 January-April;6(1):33-66. Patel M, Shah T, Amin A. Therapeutic opportunities incolon-specific drug-delivery systems Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst.2007; 24(2):147-202. Kumar P, Mishra B. Colon targeted drug deliverysystems—an overview. Curr Drug Deliv. 2008 July; 5(3):186-98. Van denMooter G. Colon drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2006 January;3(1):111-25. Seth Amidon, Jack E. Brown, and Vivek S. Dave,Colon-Targeted Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Design Trends and Approaches,AAPS PharmSciTech. 2015 August; 16(4): 731-741.

It should be understood that in addition to the ingredients particularlymentioned above, the compounds and compositions described herein mayinclude other agents conventional in the art having regard to the typeof formulation in question, for example those suitable for oraladministration may include flavoring agents.

Methods of Dosing and Treatment Regimens

In one embodiment, the compounds described herein, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, are used in the preparation of medicaments forthe treatment of diseases or conditions in a mammal that would benefitfrom administration of a FXR agonist. Methods for treating any of thediseases or conditions described herein in a mammal in need of suchtreatment, involves administration of pharmaceutical compositions thatinclude at least one compound described herein or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, active metabolite, prodrug, or pharmaceuticallyacceptable solvate thereof, in therapeutically effective amounts to saidmammal.

Disclosed herein, are methods of administering a FXR agonist incombination with an additional therapeutic agent. In some embodiments,the additional therapeutic agent comprises a therapeutic agent fortreatment of diabetes or diabetes related disorder or conditions,alcoholic or non-alcoholic liver disease, inflammation relatedintestinal conditions, or cell proliferative disorders.

In certain embodiments, the compositions containing the compound(s)described herein are administered for prophylactic and/or therapeutictreatments. In certain therapeutic applications, the compositions areadministered to a patient already suffering from a disease or condition,in an amount sufficient to cure or at least partially arrest at leastone of the symptoms of the disease or condition. Amounts effective forthis use depend on the severity and course of the disease or condition,previous therapy, the patient's health status, weight, and response tothe drugs, and the judgment of the treating physician. Therapeuticallyeffective amounts are optionally determined by methods including, butnot limited to, a dose escalation and/or dose ranging clinical trial.

In prophylactic applications, compositions containing the compoundsdescribed herein are administered to a patient susceptible to orotherwise at risk of a particular disease, disorder or condition. Suchan amount is defined to be a “prophylactically effective amount ordose.” In this use, the precise amounts also depend on the patient'sstate of health, weight, and the like. When used in patients, effectiveamounts for this use will depend on the severity and course of thedisease, disorder or condition, previous therapy, the patient's healthstatus and response to the drugs, and the judgment of the treatingphysician. In one aspect, prophylactic treatments include administeringto a mammal, who previously experienced at least one symptom of thedisease being treated and is currently in remission, a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a compound described herein, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in order to prevent a returnof the symptoms of the disease or condition.

In certain embodiments, wherein the patient's condition does notimprove, upon the doctor's discretion, the compounds are administeredchronically, that is, for an extended period of time, includingthroughout the duration of the patient's life in order to ameliorate orotherwise control or limit the symptoms of the patient's disease orcondition.

In certain embodiments, wherein a patient's status does improve, thedose of drug being administered is temporarily reduced or temporarilysuspended for a certain length of time (i.e., a “drug holiday”). Inspecific embodiments, the length of the drug holiday is between 2 daysand 1 year, including by way of example only, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5days, 6 days, 7 days, 10 days, 12 days, 15 days, 20 days, 28 days, ormore than 28 days. The dose reduction during a drug holiday is, by wayof example only, by 10%-100%, including by way of example only 10%, 15%,20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%,90%, 95%, and 100%.

Once improvement of the patient's conditions has occurred, a maintenancedose is administered if necessary. Subsequently, in specificembodiments, the dosage or the frequency of administration, or both, isreduced, as a function of the symptoms, to a level at which the improveddisease, disorder or condition is retained. In certain embodiments,however, the patient requires intermittent treatment on a long-termbasis upon any recurrence of symptoms.

The amount of a given agent that corresponds to such an amount variesdepending upon factors such as the particular compound, diseasecondition and its severity, the identity (e.g., weight, sex) of thesubject or host in need of treatment, but nevertheless is determinedaccording to the particular circumstances surrounding the case,including, e.g., the specific agent being administered, the route ofadministration, the condition being treated, and the subject or hostbeing treated.

In general, however, doses employed for adult human treatment aretypically in the range of 0.01 mg-5000 mg per day. In one aspect, dosesemployed for adult human treatment are from about 1 mg to about 1000 mgper day. In one embodiment, the desired dose is conveniently presentedin a single dose or in divided doses administered simultaneously or atappropriate intervals, for example as two, three, four or more sub-dosesper day.

In one embodiment, the daily dosages appropriate for the compounddescribed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, arefrom about 0.01 to about 50 mg/kg per body weight. In some embodiments,the daily dosage or the amount of active in the dosage form are lower orhigher than the ranges indicated herein, based on a number of variablesin regard to an individual treatment regime. In various embodiments, thedaily and unit dosages are altered depending on a number of variablesincluding, but not limited to, the activity of the compound used, thedisease or condition to be treated, the mode of administration, therequirements of the individual subject, the severity of the disease orcondition being treated, and the judgment of the practitioner.

Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of such therapeutic regimens aredetermined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures orexperimental animals, including, but not limited to, the determinationof the LD₅₀ and the ED₅₀. The dose ratio between the toxic andtherapeutic effects is the therapeutic index and it is expressed as theratio between LD₅₀ and ED₅₀. In certain embodiments, the data obtainedfrom cell culture assays and animal studies are used in formulating thetherapeutically effective daily dosage range and/or the therapeuticallyeffective unit dosage amount for use in mammals, including humans. Insome embodiments, the daily dosage amount of the compounds describedherein lies within a range of circulating concentrations that includethe ED₅₀ with minimal toxicity. In certain embodiments, the daily dosagerange and/or the unit dosage amount varies within this range dependingupon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized.

In any of the aforementioned aspects are further embodiments in whichthe effective amount of the compound described herein, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is: (a) systemicallyadministered to the mammal; and/or (b) administered orally to themammal; and/or (c) intravenously administered to the mammal; and/or (d)administered by injection to the mammal; and/or (e) administeredtopically to the mammal; and/or (f) administered non-systemically orlocally to the mammal.

In any of the aforementioned aspects are further embodiments comprisingsingle administrations of the effective amount of the compound,including further embodiments in which (i) the compound is administeredonce a day; or (ii) the compound is administered to the mammal multipletimes over the span of one day.

In any of the aforementioned aspects are further embodiments comprisingmultiple administrations of the effective amount of the compound,including further embodiments in which (i) the compound is administeredcontinuously or intermittently: as in a single dose; (ii) the timebetween multiple administrations is every 6 hours; (iii) the compound isadministered to the mammal every 8 hours; (iv) the compound isadministered to the mammal every 12 hours; (v) the compound isadministered to the mammal every 24 hours. In further or alternativeembodiments, the method comprises a drug holiday, wherein theadministration of the compound is temporarily suspended or the dose ofthe compound being administered is temporarily reduced; at the end ofthe drug holiday, dosing of the compound is resumed. In one embodiment,the length of the drug holiday varies from 2 days to 1 year.

In certain instances, it is appropriate to administer at least onecompound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, in combination with one or more other therapeutic agents.

In one embodiment, the therapeutic effectiveness of one of the compoundsdescribed herein is enhanced by administration of an adjuvant (i.e., byitself the adjuvant has minimal therapeutic benefit, but in combinationwith another therapeutic agent, the overall therapeutic benefit to thepatient is enhanced). Or, in some embodiments, the benefit experiencedby a patient is increased by administering one of the compoundsdescribed herein with another agent (which also includes a therapeuticregimen) that also has therapeutic benefit.

In one specific embodiment, a compound described herein, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is co-administered with asecond therapeutic agent, wherein the compound described herein, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and the second therapeuticagent modulate different aspects of the disease, disorder or conditionbeing treated, thereby providing a greater overall benefit thanadministration of either therapeutic agent alone.

In any case, regardless of the disease, disorder or condition beingtreated, the overall benefit experienced by the patient may be additiveof the two therapeutic agents or the patient may experience asynergistic benefit.

In certain embodiments, different therapeutically-effective dosages ofthe compounds disclosed herein will be utilized in formulatingpharmaceutical composition and/or in treatment regimens when thecompounds disclosed herein are administered in combination with one ormore additional agent, such as an additional therapeutically effectivedrug, an adjuvant or the like. Therapeutically-effective dosages ofdrugs and other agents for use in combination treatment regimens isoptionally determined by means similar to those set forth hereinabovefor the actives themselves. Furthermore, the methods ofprevention/treatment described herein encompasses the use of metronomicdosing, i.e., providing more frequent, lower doses in order to minimizetoxic side effects. In some embodiments, a combination treatment regimenencompasses treatment regimens in which administration of a compounddescribed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, isinitiated prior to, during, or after treatment with a second agentdescribed herein, and continues until any time during treatment with thesecond agent or after termination of treatment with the second agent. Italso includes treatments in which a compound described herein, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and the second agent beingused in combination are administered simultaneously or at differenttimes and/or at decreasing or increasing intervals during the treatmentperiod. Combination treatment further includes periodic treatments thatstart and stop at various times to assist with the clinical managementof the patient.

It is understood that the dosage regimen to treat, prevent, orameliorate the condition(s) for which relief is sought, is modified inaccordance with a variety of factors (e.g. the disease, disorder orcondition from which the subject suffers; the age, weight, sex, diet,and medical condition of the subject). Thus, in some instances, thedosage regimen actually employed varies and, in some embodiments,deviates from the dosage regimens set forth herein.

For combination therapies described herein, dosages of theco-administered compounds vary depending on the type of co-drugemployed, on the specific drug employed, on the disease or conditionbeing treated and so forth. In additional embodiments, whenco-administered with one or more other therapeutic agents, the compoundprovided herein is administered either simultaneously with the one ormore other therapeutic agents, or sequentially.

In combination therapies, the multiple therapeutic agents (one of whichis one of the compounds described herein) are administered in any orderor even simultaneously. If administration is simultaneous, the multipletherapeutic agents are, by way of example only, provided in a single,unified form, or in multiple forms (e.g., as a single pill or as twoseparate pills).

The compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, as well as combination therapies, are administered before,during or after the occurrence of a disease or condition, and the timingof administering the composition containing a compound varies. Thus, inone embodiment, the compounds described herein are used as aprophylactic and are administered continuously to subjects with apropensity to develop conditions or diseases in order to prevent theoccurrence of the disease or condition. In another embodiment, thecompounds and compositions are administered to a subject during or assoon as possible after the onset of the symptoms. In specificembodiments, a compound described herein is administered as soon as ispracticable after the onset of a disease or condition is detected orsuspected, and for a length of time necessary for the treatment of thedisease. In some embodiments, the length required for treatment varies,and the treatment length is adjusted to suit the specific needs of eachsubject. For example, in specific embodiments, a compound describedherein or a formulation containing the compound is administered for atleast 2 weeks, about 1 month to about 5 years.

In some embodiments, a FXR agonist is administered in combination withan additional therapeutic agent for the treatment of diabetes ordiabetes related disorder or conditions.

In some instances, the additional therapeutic agent comprises a statin,an insulin sensitizing drug, an insulin secretagogue, analpha-glucosidase inhibitor, a GLP agonist, a DPP-4 inhibitor (such assitagliptin, vildagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin, anaglptin,teneligliptin, alogliptin, gemiglptin, or dutoglpitin), a catecholamine(such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, or dopamine), peroxisomeproliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma agonist (e.g., athiazolidinedione (TZD) [such as pioglitazone, rosiglitazone,rivoglitazone, or troglitazone], aleglitazar, farglitazar, muraglitazar,or tesaglitazar), or a combination thereof. In some cases, the statin isa HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. In other instances, additionaltherapeutic agents include fish oil, fibrate, vitamins such as niacin,retinoic acid (e.g., 9 cis-retinoic acid), nicotinamide ribonucleosideor its analogs thereof, or combinations thereof. In some instances,nicotinamide ribonucleoside or its analogs thereof, which promote NAD⁺production, a substrate for many enzymatic reactions including p450swhich is a target for FXR (e.g., see Yang et al., J Med. Chem.50:6458-61, 2007).

In some embodiments, a FXR agonist is administered in combination withan additional therapeutic agent such as a statin, an insulin sensitizingdrug, an insulin secretagogue, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, a GLPagonist, a DPP-4 inhibitor (such as sitagliptin, vildagliptin,saxagliptin, linagliptin, anaglptin, teneligliptin, alogliptin,gemiglptin, or dutoglpitin), a catecholamine (such as epinephrine,norepinephrine, or dopamine), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor(PPAR)-gamma agonist (e.g., a thiazolidinedione (TZD) [such aspioglitazone, rosiglitazone, rivoglitazone, or troglitazone],aleglitazar, farglitazar, muraglitazar, or tesaglitazar), orcombinations thereof, for the treatment of diabetes or diabetes relateddisorder or conditions. In some embodiments, a FXR agonist isadministered in combination with an additional therapeutic agent such asfish oil, fibrate, vitamins such as niacin, retinoic acid (e.g., 9cis-retinoic acid), nicotinamide ribonucleoside or its analogs thereof,or combinations thereof, for the treatment of diabetes or diabetesrelated disorder or conditions.

In some embodiments, a FXR agonist is administered in combination with astatin such as a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, fish oil, fibrate, niacinor a combination thereof, for the treatment of dyslipidemia.

In additional embodiments, a FXR agonist is administered in combinationwith a vitamin such as retinoic acid for the treatment of diabetes anddiabetes related disorder or condition such as lowering elevated bodyweight and/or lowering elevated blood glucose from food intake.

In some embodiments, the farnesoid X receptor agonist is administeredwith at least one additional therapy. In some embodiments, the at leastone additional therapy is a glucose-lowering agent. In some embodiments,the at least one additional therapy is an anti-obesity agent. In someembodiments, the at least one additional therapy is selected from amonga peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) agonist (gamma,dual, or pan), a dipeptidyl peptidase (IV) inhibitor, a glucagon-likepeptide-1 (GLP-I) analog, insulin or an insulin analog, an insulinsecretagogue, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, aglucophage, a human amylin analog, a biguanide, an alpha-glucosidaseinhibitor, a meglitinide, a thiazolidinedione, and sulfonylurea. In someembodiments, the at least one additional therapy is metformin,sitagliptin, saxaglitpin, repaglinide, nateglinide, exenatide,liraglutide, insulin lispro, insulin aspart, insulin glargine, insulindetemir, insulin isophane, and glucagon-like peptide 1, or anycombination thereof. In some embodiments, the at least one additionaltherapy is a lipid-lowering agent. In certain embodiments, the at leastone additional therapy is administered at the same time as the famesoidX receptor agonist. In certain embodiments, the at least one additionaltherapy is administered less frequently than the farnesoid X receptoragonist. In certain embodiments, the at least one additional therapy isadministered more frequently than the farnesoid X receptor agonist. Incertain embodiments, the at least one additional therapy is administeredprior to administration of the farnesoid X receptor agonist. In certainembodiments, the at least one additional therapy is administered afteradministration of the farnesoid X receptor agonist.

In some embodiments, a compound described herein, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, is administered in combination withchemotherapy, anti-inflammatory agents, radiation therapy, monoclonalantibodies, or combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, a FXR agonist is administered in combination withan additional therapeutic agent for the treatment of alcoholic ornon-alcoholic liver disease. In some embodiments, the additionaltherapeutic agent includes antioxidant, corticosteroid, anti-tumornecrosis factor (TNF) or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, a FXR agonist is administered in combination withan additional therapeutic agent such as antioxidant, corticosteroid,anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF), or a combination thereof, for thetreatment of alcoholic or non-alcoholic liver disease. In someembodiments, a FXR agonist is administered in combination with anantioxidant, a vitamin precursor, a corticosteroid, an anti-tumornecrosis factor (TNF), or a combination thereof, for the treatment ofalcoholic or non-alcoholic liver disease.

In some embodiments, a FXR agonist is administered in combination withan additional therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammationrelated intestinal conditions. In some instances, the additionaltherapeutic agent comprises an antibiotic (such as metronidazole,vancomycin, and/or fidaxomicin), a corticosteroid, or an additionalanti-inflammatory or immuno-modulatory therapy.

In some instances, a FXR agonist is administered in combination with anadditional therapeutic agent such as an antibiotic, a corticosteroid, oran additional anti-inflammatory or immuno-modulatory therapy, for thetreatment of inflammation related intestinal conditions. In some cases,a FXR agonist is administered in combination with metronidazole,vancomycin, fidaxomicin, corticosteroid, or combinations thereof, forthe treatment of inflammation related intestinal conditions.

As discussed above, inflammation is sometimes associated withpseudomembranous colitis. In some instances, pseudomembranous colitis isassociated with bacterial overgrowth (such as C. dificile overgrowth).In some embodiments, a FXR agonist is administered in combination withan antibiotic such as metronidazole, vancomycin, fidaxomicin, or acombination thereof, for the treatment of inflammation associated withbacterial overgrowth (e.g., pseudomembranous colitis).

In some embodiments, the FXR agonist is administered in combination withan additional therapeutic agent for the treatment of cell proliferativedisorders. In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agentincludes a chemotherapeutic, a biologic (e.g., antibody, for examplebevacizumab, cetuximab, or panitumumab), a radiotherapeutic (e.g.,FOLFOX, FOLFIRI, CapeOX, 5-FU, leucovorin, regorafenib, irinotecan, oroxaliplatin), or combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the FXR agonist is administered in combination withan additional therapeutic agent for the treatment of primary biliarycirrhosis. In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agentincludes ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA).

In some embodiments, a FXR agonist is administered in combination withan additional therapeutic agent such as a chemotherapeutic, a biologic,a radiotherapeutic, or combinations thereof, for the treatment of a cellproliferative disorder. In some instances, a FXR agonist is administeredin combination with an antibody (e.g., bevacizumab, cetuximab, orpanitumumab), chemotherapeutic, FOLFOX, FOLFIRI, CapeOX, 5-FU,leucovorin, regorafenib, irinotecan, oxaliplatin, or combinationsthereof, for the treatment of a cell proliferative disorder.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are provided for illustrative purposes only andnot to limit the scope of the claims provided herein.

As used above, and throughout the description of the invention, thefollowing abbreviations, unless otherwise indicated, shall be understoodto have the following meanings:

-   -   ACN or MeCN acetonitrile    -   AcOH acetic acid    -   Ac acetyl    -   BINAP 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthalene    -   Bn benzyl    -   BOC or Boc tert-butyl carbamate    -   t-Bu tert-butyl    -   Cy cyclohexyl    -   DBA or dba dibenzylideneacetone    -   DCE dichloroethane (ClCH₂CH₂Cl)    -   DCM dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂)    -   DIPEA or DIEA diisopropylethylamine    -   DMAP 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine    -   DME 1,2-dimethoxyethane    -   DMF N,N-dimethylformamide    -   DMA N,N-dimethylacetamide    -   DMSO dimethylsulfoxide    -   Dppf or dppf 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene    -   EEDQ 2-Ethoxy-1-ethoxycarbonyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline    -   eq equivalent(s)    -   Et ethyl    -   Et₂O diethyl ether    -   EtOH ethanol    -   EtOAc ethyl acetate    -   HATU        1-[bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium        3-oxid hexafluorophosphate    -   HMPA hexamethylphosphoramide    -   HPLC high performance liquid chromatography    -   KHMDS potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide    -   NaHMDS sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide    -   LiHMDS lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide    -   LAH lithium aluminum anhydride    -   LCMS liquid chromatography mass spectrometry    -   Me methyl    -   MeOH methanol    -   MS mass spectroscopy    -   Ms mesyl    -   NBS N-bromosuccinimide    -   NMM N-methyl-morpholine    -   NMP N-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-one    -   NMR nuclear magnetic resonance    -   PCC pyridinium chlorochromate    -   Ph phenyl    -   PPTS pyridium p-toluenesulfonate    -   iPr/i-Pr iso-propyl    -   TBS tert-butyldimethylsilyl    -   RP-HPLC reverse phase-high pressure liquid chromatography    -   TFA trifluoroacetic acid    -   TEA triethylamine    -   THF tetrahydrofuran    -   TLC thin layer chromatography

Intermediate 1 trans-4-(4-Methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarbaldehyde

Step 1: 8-(4-Methoxy-3-methylphenyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]dec-7-ene

A mixture of 1,4-dioxa-spiro[4,5]dec-7-en-8-boronic acid pinacol ester(25.0 g, 93.9 mmol), 4-iodo-2-methylanisole (28.0 g, 113 mmol),1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene dichlorlopalladium(II) (1.38 g,1.89 mmol), dioxane (470 mL) and 1 M Na₂CO₃ (282 mL, 282 mmol) wasdegassed with 3 vacuum/N₂ cycles, stirred at 50° C. for 2.5 h, and thenallowed to cool to rt. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc (500 mL) andwashed with sat'd NaHCO₃ (2×500 mL). The aqueous layers were backextracted with EtOAc (200 mL). The combined EtOAc extracts were dried(Na₂SO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by silica gelchromatography (0-5% EtOAc in hexanes) to give8-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]dec-7-ene (19.9 g, 81%).¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 7.21-7.16 (m, 2H), 6.85 (d, 1H), 5.89-5.84(m, 1H), 3.90 (s, 4H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 2.52-2.47 (m, 2H), 2.32 (br s, 2H),2.13 (s, 3H), 1.77 (t, 2H); LCMS: 261.1 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2: 8-(4-Methoxy-3-methylphenyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane

Palladium on carbon (10 wt %, 8.08 g, 7.59 mmol) was added to a solutionof 8-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]dec-7-ene (19.8 g,76.1 mmol) in EtOAc (300 mL) at rt under N₂. The N₂ inlet was replacedwith a balloon of H2. The reaction was stirred for 4.5 h, filteredthrough Celite with EtOAc, and then concentrated to give8-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane (18.2 g; contains13% ketone) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 7.00-6.95 (m,2H), 6.81 (d, 1H), 3.91-3.84 (m, 4H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 2.49-2.42 (m, 1H),2.11 (s, 3H), 1.76-1.68 (m, 4H), 1.67-1.55 (m, 4H); LCMS: 263.1 [M+H]⁺.

Step 3: 4-(4-Methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanone

Formic acid (96%, 14 mL, 356 mmol) and then water (2.20 mL, 122 mmol)were added to a solution of8-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane (18.2 g) intoluene (60 mL) at rt under N₂. The reaction was heated at 120° C. for 4h, allowed to cool to rt, and then poured into 200 mL H₂O and 200 mLtoluene. The toluene layer was washed with 200 mL H₂O and then 200 mLsat'd NaHCO₃. The aqueous layers were back extracted with 100 mLtoluene. The combined toluene extracts were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered andconcentrated to give 4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanone (15.5 g,88% over 2 steps) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ7.08-7.03 (m, 2H), 6.84 (d, 1H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.00-2.91 (m, 1H),2.61-2.51 (m, 2H), 2.28-2.20 (m, 2H), 2.12 (s, 3H), 2.06-1.98 (m, 2H),1.88-1.76 (m, 2H); LCMS: 219.0 [M+H]⁺.

Step 4: 1-Methoxy-4-(4-(methoxymethylene)cyclohexyl)-2-methylbenzene

A mixture of (methoxymethyl)triphenylphosphonium chloride (35.74 g,104.3 mmol) and THF (260 mL) under N₂ was cooled to −2.2° C. in anice/brine bath. Sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide solution (2 M in THF, 50mL, 100 mmol) was added dropwise via addition funnel over 12 min(internal temp≤0.6° C.) with THF rinsing (5 mL). The reaction wasstirred for 30 min, and then 4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanone(14.5 g, 66.6 mmol) was added portionwise over 5 min (exotherm to 7.3°C.). Residual cyclohexanone was rinsed into the reaction with THF (20mL). The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 25 min, and then poured into400 mL H₂O and 400 mL toluene. The toluene layer was washed with 400 mLH₂O, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by silica gelchromatography (0-5% EtOAc in hexanes) to give1-methoxy-4-(4-(methoxymethylene)cylcohexyl)-2-methylbenzene (15.6 g,95%) as a pale gold oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 6.99-6.94 (m, 2H),6.80 (d, 1H), 5.87 (s, 1H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.48 (s, 3H), 2.78-2.71 (m,1H), 2.56-2.44 (m, 1H), 2.10 (s, 3H), 2.17-2.09 (m, 1H), 2.01-1.91 (m,1H), 1.83-1.73 (m, 2H), 1.72-1.63 (m, 1H), 1.38-1.23 (m, 2H); LCMS:247.1 [M+H]⁺.

Step 5: 4-(4-Methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarbaldehyde

Formic acid (96%, 12.5 mL, 331 mmol) and then water (2.5 mL, 139 mmol)were added to a solution of1-methoxy-4-(4-(methoxymethylene)cylcohexyl)-2-methylbenzene (16.05 g,65.15 mmol) in toluene (130 mL) under N₂. The reaction was heated at120° C. for 2 h, allowed to cool to rt, and then poured into 350 mLEtOAc and 350 mL H₂O. The organic layer was washed with 350 mL H₂O,dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated to give4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarbaldehyde (15.05 g) as a 1:1mixture of stereoisomers.

Step 6: trans-4-(4-Methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarbaldehyde

Aqueous sodium hydroxide (3.2 M, 31 mL, 99 mmol) was added to the crudemixture from Step 5 (14.68 g, 63.19 mmoL), toluene (60 mL) and ethanol(250 mL) at rt. The reaction was stirred for 5.5 hours (equilibrationmonitored by NMR) and then poured into 350 mL H₂O and 350 mL EtOAc. Theorganic layer was washed with 350 mL H₂O, and the aqueous layers wereback extracted with 150 mL EtOAc. The combined extracts were dried(Na₂SO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by silica gelchromatography (0-5% EtOAc in hexanes) to givetrans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarbaldehyde (10.17 g, 69%)as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 9.60 (s, 1H), 7.01-6.97(m, 2H), 6.82 (d, 1H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 2.41-2.27 (m, 2H), 2.12 (s, 3H),2.03-1.96 (m, 2H), 1.87-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.51-1.39 (m, 2H), 1.35-1.23 (in,2H); LCMS: 233.0 [M+H]⁺.

The Intermediates below were synthesized from the appropriate arylhalide (SM or Intermediate) following the procedures described forIntermediate 1.

Int Structure Name [M + H]⁺ 1.01

5-(trans-4-Formylcyclohexyl)-2- methoxybenzonitrile 244.1 1.02

trans-4-(6-(Dimethylamino)pyridin- 3-yl)cyclohexanecarbaldehdye 233.21.03^(6,10)

trans-4-(3-Fluoro-1-methyl-1H- indazol-5-yl) cyclohexanecarbaldehyde261.2 1.04^(1,8,10,11,12)

6-(trans-4-Formylcyclohexyl)-3- methoxypicolinonitrile 245.41.05^(10,11,12)

trans-4-(5-Methoxy-6-methylpyridin- 2-yl)cyclohexanecarbaldehyde 234.41.06^(9,10,11)

trans-4-(6-Methoxy-5-methylpyridin- 3-yl)cyclohexanecarbaldehyde 234.11.07^(2,9,10,11,12)

trans-4-(5-Methoxy-4-methylpyridin- 2-yl)cyclohexanecarbaldehyde 234.21.08^(3,7,10)

trans-4-(5-Chloro-6-methoxypyridin- 3-yl)cyclohexanecarbaldehyde 254.41.09^(4,9,10,11,12)

trans-4-(1-Methyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3- c]pyridin-5-yl)cyclohexanecarbaldehyde 243.2 1.10^(10,11)

trans-4-(Benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5- yl)cylcohexanecarbaldehyde 233.01.11^(5,10,11)

trans-4-(1-Ethyl-1H-pyraozl-4- yl)cyclohexanecarbaldehyde 207.2Alternate conditions: Step 1: ¹EtOH, DME, 100° C., 5 h; ²EtOH, dioxane,100° C., overnight; ³Cs2CO₃, dioxane, 100° C., 6 h; ⁴Pd(PPh₃)₄, 100° C.,5 h; ⁵Pd(PPh₃)₄, CH₃CN/H₂O, reflux, overnight; Step 2: ⁶MeOH; ⁷HCl,EtOAc; Step 3: ⁸PPTS, acetone, H₂O, 60° C., 10 h; ⁹3 M HCl, THF, 60 C.,3 h to overnight; Step 4: ¹⁰LiHMDS (1 M THF), 0° C. or rt, 0.5-2 h; Step5: ¹¹3 M HCl, THF, rt or 60° C., 1-6 h; Step 6: ¹²NaOMe, MeOH, rt, 4 hto overnight.

Intermediate 2 trans-4-(3-Chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanecarbaldehyde

Step 1: 8-(3-Chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-ol

To a 3-necked round bottom flask was added4-bromo-2-chloro-1-methoxy-benzene (45.00 g, 203.18 mmol) and THF (450mL), n-Butyllithium (2.5 M in hexanes, 90.21 mL, 1.11 eq) was added at−78° C. The mixture was stirred for 2 h at −78° C. A solution of1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-one (34.91 g, 223.50 mmol) in THF (90 mL) wasadded dropwise to the reaction mixture. The resulting mixture wasstirred for 3 h at −78° C. The reaction was quenched with aqueous NH₄Cl(100 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (500 mL). The organic layer was dried(Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. The residue was washed with hexanes(350 mL), filtered and dried under high vacuum. The solid was trituratedwith hexanes (15 mL), filtered and dried under high vacuum to give8-(3-chloro-4-methoxy-phenyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-ol (37 g, 61%)as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.31 (d, 1H), 7.29 (dd,1H), 7.10 (d, 1H), 3.90-3.92 (m, 4H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 1.99-2.02 (m, 4H),1.70-1.73 (m, 4H); LCMS: 281.2 [M−OH]⁺.

Step 2: 8-(3-Chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane

A solution of triethylsilane (19.26 g, 165.6 mmol), TFA (25.18 g, 220.8mmol), and DCM (100 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of8-(3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-ol (31.0 g,110.4 mmol) and DCM (200 mL) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirredat rt overnight and then cooled to 0° C. The pH was adjusted to −8 withaqueous NaHCO₃ and the mixture was extracted with DCM (2×100 mL). Theorganic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated to drynessto give 8-(3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane,containing a small amount of8-(3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]dec-7-ene, (38 g, crude)as a yellow oil. LCMS: 283.1 [M+H]⁺.

Step 3: 4-(3-Chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanone

8-(3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane (38.0 g, 134mmol), formic acid (32.3 g, 672 mmol), H₂O (4.84 g, 269 mmol), andtoluene (400 mL) was degassed with 3 vacuum/N₂ cycles, stirred at 130°C. overnight and then washed with H₂O (200 mL) and sat'd NaHCO₃ (200mL). The combined aqueous layers were extracted with toluene (300 mL).The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated todryness. The residue was triturated (PE:EtOAc=10:1, 80 mL) to give4-(3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanone, containing a small amount of3′-chloro-4′-methoxy-5,6-dihydro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4(3H)-one, (20 g, 54%)as a light yellow solid. This solid (5.00 g, 21.12 mmol) was added to amixture of Pd/C (10 wt. %, 820 mg, 0.77 mmol), HCl (12 M, 1.00 mL), andEtOAc (100 mL). The resulting mixture was degassed with 3 vacuum/H2cycles, stirred at rt for 30 min under H2 (15 psi), filtered and thendiluted with EtOAc (50 mL). The mixture was washed water (100 mL) andwashed with sat'd NaHCO₃ (100 mL). The aqueous phase was extracted withEtOAc (100 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄),filtered, and concentrated to dryness to give4-(3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanone (4.60 g, 84%) as a yellowsolid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.24 (d, 1H), 7.09 (dd, 1H), 6.88 (d,1H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 2.88-3.05 (m, 1H), 2.44-2.54 (m, 4H), 2.12-2.25 (m,2H), 1.79-1.96 (m, 2H); LCMS: 239.1 [M+H]⁺.

Step 4: 2-Chloro-1-methoxy-4-(4-(methoxymethylene)cyclohexyl)benzene

Lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (1 M, 36 mL) was added dropwise to amixture of methoxymethyl(triphenyl)phosphonium chloride (12.24 g, 35.71mmol) and THF (80 mL) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred for 2 h at 0° C.A solution of 4-(3-chloro-4-methoxy-phenyl)cyclohexanone (5.50 g, 23.04mmol) in THF (20 mL) was added dropwise at 0° C. The resulting mixturewas stirred for 3 h at 0° C. The reaction mixture was quenched by H₂O(100 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×100 mL). The combined organiclayers were washed with brine (200 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered,concentrated, and purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleumether/ethyl acetate=20:1) to give2-chloro-1-methoxy-4-(4-(methoxymethylene)cyclohexyl)benzene (5 g, 77%)as yellow oil. LCMS: 267.1 [M+H]⁺.

Step 5: 4-(3-Chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanecarbaldehyde

A mixture of2-chloro-1-methoxy-4-(4-(methoxymethylene)cyclohexyl)benzene (5.00 g,18.74 mmol), formic acid (4.50 g, 93.7 mmol), H₂O (675.5 mg, 37.48mmol), and toluene (100 mL) was degassed with 3 vacuum/N₂ cycles,stirred at 130° C. overnight, allowed to cool to rt, and then washedwith H₂O (200 mL), and washed with sat'd NaHCO₃ (200 mL). The combinedaqueous layers were extracted with toluene (300 mL). The organic layerwas dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated to dryness to give4-(3-chloro-4-methoxy-phenyl)cyclohexanecarbaldehyde (5.60 g, crude), amixture of cis/trans isomers, as a yellow oil.

Step 6: trans-4-(3-Chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanecarbaldehyde

A solution of NaOH (992.6 mg, 24.82 mmol) in H₂O (12 mL) was added tothe crude mixture from Step 5 (5.60 g, 15.51 mmol), EtOH (90 mL), andtoluene (15 mL). The mixture was stirred at rt overnight, quenched withH₂O (100 mL), and then extracted with EtOAc (3×100 mL). The combinedorganic layers were washed by brine (200 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filteredand concentrated to dryness to give a residue. The residue was purifiedby silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate=20:1) andthen triturated with MTBE (20 mL) to givetrans-4-(3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanecarbaldehyde (1.96 g, 49%)as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 9.60 (s, 1H), 7.27 (d,1H), 7.16 (dd, 1H), 7.05 (d, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 2.43 (m, 1H), 2.27-2.37(m, 1H), 1.95-2.05 (m, 2H), 1.84 (m, 2H), 1.45 (m, 2H), 1.21-1.35 (m,2H); LCMS: 253.1 [M+H]⁺.

The Intermediate below was synthesized from4-bromo-1-methoxy-2-methylbenzene following the procedures described forIntermediate 2.

Int Structure Name [M + H]⁺ 1

trans-4-(4-Methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarbalde- hyde 233.0Alternate conditions: Step 1: −60° C.; Step 2: 0° C., 1 h; Step 3a: THFin place of PhMe, 80° C., 18 h; Step 3b: no HCl, 30 psi H₂, 18 h; Step4: 15 h; Step 5: 3 N HCl, THF, 60° C., 1 h; Step 6: THF in place ofPhMe.

Intermediate 34-(4-Methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carbaldehyde

Step 1: Ethyl4-hydroxy-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate

n-Butyllithium (2.5 M in hexanes, 60 mL, 150.0 mmol) was added dropwiseto a solution of 4-bromo-1-methoxy-2-methylbenzene (27.78 g, 138.2 mmol)in THF (300 mL) at −78° C. The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1 hand then added dropwise to a solution of ethyl4-oxocyclohexanecarboxylate (22.34 g, 131.3 mmol) in THF (300 mL) at−78° C. The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 2 h, added to sat'd NH₄Cl(600 mL) and then extracted with EtOAc (2×600 mL). The combined organicextracts were washed with water (400 mL), washed with brine (400 mL),dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, concentrated, and purified by silica gelchromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc=10/1) to give ethyl4-hydroxy-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate (18.9 g,45%) as a yellow oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): δ 7.11-7.26 (m, 2H),6.75-6.84 (m, 1H), 4.59-4.64 (m, 1H), 3.98-4.11 (m, 2H), 3.72 (s, 3H),2.25-2.39 (m, 1H), 2.07-2.13 (s, 3H), 1.77-1.93 (m, 3H), 1.42-1.75 (m,5H), 1.11-1.23 (m, 3H); LCMS: 275.2 [M−OH]⁺.

Step 2: Ethyl 4-allyl-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate

Boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (24.85 g, 84.03 mmol) was added to asolution of ethyl4-hydroxy-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate (18.90 g,64.64 mmol) and allyltrimethylsilane (11.82 g, 103.42 mmol) in DCM (400mL) at −78° C. The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h, stirred at rtovernight, and then added to brine (200 mL) and DCM (200 mL). Theorganic layer was separated, washed with sat'd NaHCO₃ (2×200 mL), washedwith brine (200 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, concentrated, andpurified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc=20/1) togive ethyl 4-allyl-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate(15 g, 71%) as a yellow oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.00-7.10 (m,2H), 6.76 (d, 1H), 5.26-5.50 (m, 1H), 4.81-4.98 (m, 2H), 4.15 (q, 0.5H),4.03 (q, 1.5H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 2.26-2.42 (m, 3H), 2.21 (s, 3H), 2.15 (d,1.5H), 1.98 (d, 0.5H), 1.75-1.88 (m, 2.5H), 1.60-1.72 (m, 0.5H),1.33-1.55 (m, 3H), 1.27 (t, 0.8H), 1.18 (t, 2.2H); LCMS: 339.3 [M+Na]⁺.

Step 3: Ethyl4-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate

Osmium tetroxide (0.1 M in tert-butanol, 7.6 mL, 0.76 mmol) was added toa solution of ethyl4-allyl-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate (4.81 g, 15.2mmol), 4-methylmorpholine N-oxide (2.67 g, 22.8 mmol), CH₃CN (100 mL)and H₂O (25 mL) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at rt overnight.Saturated Na₂SO₃ (50 mL) was added to the mixture. The mixture wasstirred at rt for 30 min, concentrated, dissolved in water (80 mL) andextracted with EtOAc (2×100 mL). The organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄),filtered, concentrated, and purified by silica gel chromatography(petroleum ether/EtOAc=1/1) to give ethyl4-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate(5.23 g, 94%) as a yellow oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.05-7.16 (m,2H), 6.78 (d, 1H), 4.06-4.17 (m, 0.5H), 3.95-4.05 (m, 1.5H), 3.80 (s,3H), 3.48-3.66 (m, 1H), 3.18-3.32 (m, 2H), 2.40-2.53 (m, 2H), 2.27-2.37(m, 1H), 2.19 (s, 3H), 1.80 (t, 3H), 1.32-1.68 (m, 7H), 1.24-1.25 (m,0.8H), 1.17 (t, 2.2H); LCMS: 373.3 [M+Na]⁺.

Step 4: Ethyl4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)-4-(2-oxoethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate

Sodium periodate (3.83 g, 17.90 mmol) was added to a solution of ethyl4-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate(5.23 g, 14.9 mmol), THF (70 mL), and H₂O (35 mL) at 0° C. The mixturewas stirred at rt overnight and then added to water (50 mL) and EtOAc(2×100 mL). The organic layer was separated, washed with water (80 mL),washed with brine (80 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, concentrated andpurified by silica gel chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc=5/1) togive ethyl4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)-4-(2-oxoethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate (3.95g, 82%) as a yellow oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 9.28-9.42 (m, 1H),7.07-7.19 (m, 2H), 6.79 (d, 1H), 4.15 (q, 0.5H), 4.04 (q, 1.5H), 3.82(s, 3H), 2.41-2.52 (m, 3H), 2.33 (s, 1H), 2.21 (s, 3H), 1.75-1.92 (m,3H), 1.46-1.63 (m, 4H), 1.23-1.31 (t, 0.5H), 1.19 (t, 2.5H); LCMS: 341.3[M+Na]⁺.

Step 5: Ethyl4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate

Sodium borohydride (704 mg, 18.6 mmol) was added to a solution of ethyl4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)-4-(2-oxoethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate (3.95g, 12.41 mmol) in THF (100 mL) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C.for 1 h, stirred at rt overnight, and then diluted with water (100 mL).The organic solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the aqueouslayer was extracted with DCM (2×300 mL). The organic extracts were dried(Na₂SO₄), filtered, concentrated, and purified by silica gelchromatography (petroleum ether:EtOAc=3:1) to give ethyl4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate(3.11 g, 67%) as a yellow oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.96-7.04 (m,2H), 6.71 (d, 1H), 4.03-4.12 (q, 0.4H), 3.97 (q, 1.6H), 3.74 (s, 3H),3.28-3.38 (m, 2H), 2.19-2.39 (m, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.71-1.80 (m, 2H),1.60-1.70 (m, 2H), 1.28-1.50 (m, 4H), 1.17-1.24 (t, 1H), 1.12 (t, 2H),(The OH proton was not detected); LCMS: 343.2 [M+Na]⁺.

Step 6: Ethyl4-(2-bromoethyl)-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate

Triphenylphosphine (4.60 g, 17.54 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) was addeddropwise to a solution of ethyl4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate(2.81 g, 8.77 mmol), CBr₄ (4.36 g, 13.16 mmol), and DCM (40 mL) at 0° C.The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h, stirred at rt overnight,concentrated and then purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleumether/EtOAc=20/1) to give ethyl4-(2-bromoethyl)-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate(2.62 g, 77%) as a yellow oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.96-7.08 (m,2H), 6.77 (d, 1H), 4.15 (q, 0.3H), 4.03 (q, 1.7H), 3.81 (s, 3H),2.91-3.06 (m, 2H), 2.24-2.41 (m, 3H), 2.15-2.24 (s, 3H), 1.95-2.06 (m,2H), 1.77-1.87 (m, 2H), 1.34-1.53 (m, 4H), 1.27 (t, 1H), 1.18 (t, 2H);LCMS: 405.1 [M+Na]⁺.

Step 7: Ethyl4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylate

Lithium diisopropylamide (2 M in THF, 4.8 mL, 9.60 mmol) was addeddropwise to a solution of ethyl4-(2-bromoethyl)-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate(1.81 g, 4.72 mmol), HMPA (4.23 g, 23.61 mmol), and THF (90 mL) at −78°C. The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 3 h, added to sat'd NH₄Cl (90mL) and then extracted with EtOAc (2×150 mL). The combined organiclayers were washed with water (100 mL), washed with brine (100 mL),dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, concentrated, and purified by silica gelchromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc=30/1) to give ethyl4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylate (1.17 g,82%) as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.98-7.05 (m, 2H),6.69 (d, 1H), 4.05 (q, 2H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.70-1.87 (m,12H), 1.18 (t, 3H); LCMS: 303.3 [M+H]⁺.

Step 8: (4-(4-Methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl)methanol

Diisobutylaluminum hydride (1 M in toluene, 14 mL, 14.0 mmol) was addedto a solution of ethyl4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylate (1.64 g,5.42 mmol) in DCM (100 mL) at −78° C. The mixture was stirred at −78° C.for 1 h, stirred at rt for 2 h, and then added to ice water (80 mL). Themixture was adjusted to (pH=6) with 1 N HCl and filtered. The organiclayer was separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (2×200mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water (100 mL), washedwith brine (100 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. Theresidue was purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleumether/EtOAc=10/1) to give(4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl)methanol (1.22 g,82%) as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 6.99-7.07 (m, 2H),6.64-6.72 (m, 1H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.25 (s, 2H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.69-1.81(m, 6H), 1.40-1.50 (m, 6H); LCMS: 261.2 [M+H]⁺.

Step 9: 4-(4-Methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carbaldehyde

Pyridinium chlorochromate (1.03 g, 4.78 mmol) was added to a mixture of(4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl)methanol (621.1mg, 2.39 mmol), SiO₂ (1.93 g, 32.19 mmol) and DCM (120 mL). The mixturewas stirred at rt for 2 h, filtered through a neutral alumina plug andconcentrated to give4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carbaldehyde (601.3mg, 93%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 9.48-9.56 (s, 1H),7.06-7.11 (m, 2H), 6.72-6.78 (m, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 2.22 (s, 3H),1.83-1.91 (m, 6H), 1.71-1.80 (m, 6H); LCMS: 259.3 [M+H]⁺.

The Intermediate below was synthesized from5-bromo-N,N-dimethylpyridin-2-amine following the procedures describedfor Intermediate 3.

Int Structure Name [M + H]⁺ 3.01

4-(6-(Dimethylamino)pyridin-3- yl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1- carbaldehyde259.5 Alternate coniditions: Step 2: 0° C., overnight; Step 3:K₂OsO₄•2H₂O; Step 7: −78° C., 1 h then rt, overnight; Step 9: oxalylchloride, DMSO, et₃N, −78° C.

Intermediate 4 3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)aniline

A mixture of 3-iodoaniline (63.36 g, 289.9 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (7.05 g,9.63 mmol), K₂CO₃ (2.2 M, 265 mL, 583.0 mmol), and dioxane (340 mL) wasdegassed with vacuum/N₂ cycles (3×).1-cyclopropyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole(˜90%, 50.09 g, 192.6 mmol) was added, and the mixture was heated in apre-heated oil bath (90° C.) for 20 min (internal temp @ 20 min was 72°C.). The reaction was allowed to cool to rt, diluted with EtOAc (800 mL)and H₂O (800 mL), and then filtered through Celite with EtOAc washing(˜400 mL). The layers were separated, and the organic layer was washed(800 mL H₂O), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated (73.88 g). Theresidue was dry loaded onto silica gel and purified by silica gelchromatography (20-60% EtOAc in hexanes) to give3-(1-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)aniline (31.5 g, 82%) as a beige solid.¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 8.03 (s, 1H), 7.66 (d, 1H), 6.97 (t, 1H),6.73-6.72 (m, 1H), 6.71-6.68 (m, 1H), 6.42-6.38 (m, 1H), 5.00 (s, 2H),3.75-3.68 (m, 1H), 1.08-1.00 (m, 2H), 1.00-0.92 (m, 2H); LCMS: 200.3[M+H]⁺.

The Intermediates below were synthesized from the appropriate arylhalide and the appropriate boronic acid/ester following the proceduredescribed for Intermediate 4.

Int Structure Name [M + H]⁺ 4.01¹

4-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4- yl)pyridin-2-amine 201.3 4.02¹

4-(1-Isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4- yl)pyridin-2-amine 203.0 4.03

3-(1-Isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4- yl)aniline 202.0 4.04

3-(1-(tert-Butyl)-1H-pyrazol-4- yl)aniline 216.4 4.05

3-(1-Cyclobutyl-1H-pyrazol-4- yl)aniline 214.4 4.06²

4-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4- yl)-6-methylpyridin-2-amine 215.1¹4-bromopyridin-2-amine was used. ²4-bromo-6-methylpyridin-2-amine wasused.

Intermediate 5 3-(3-Methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)aniline

Step 1: 3-Methyl-1-(3-nitrophenyl)-1H-pyrazole

A mixture of 1-fluoro-3-nitrobenzene (2.00 g, 14.17 mmol),3-methyl-1H-pyrazole (2.33 g, 28.34 mmol), K₂CO₃ (1.96 g, 14.17 mmol),and DMSO (20 mL) was heated to 120° C. overnight. The reaction mixturewas filtered, and the filtrate was purified by RP-HPLC [water (10 mMNH₄HCO₃)-MeCN] to give 3-methyl-1-(3-nitrophenyl)-1H-pyrazole (2.0 g,69%) as a light yellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ: 8.50 (t, 1H),7.99-8.14 (m, 2H), 7.91 (d, 1H), 7.60 (t, 1H), 6.32 (d, 1H), 2.39 (s,3H); LCMS: 203.9 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2: 3-(3-Methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)aniline

Palladium on carbon (10 wt. %, 50 mg, 0.047 mmol) was added to asolution of 3-methyl-1-(3-nitrophenyl)-1H-pyrazole (1.0 g, 4.92 mmol) inMeOH (5 mL) under N₂. The mixture was degassed with 3 vacuum/H2 cycles,stirred at rt under H2 (15 psi) for 2 h, filtered, and concentratedunder high vacuum to give 3-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)aniline (400 mg,crude) as a light yellow oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ: 7.77 (d, 1H),7.18 (t, 1H), 7.07 (t, 1H), 6.95 (dd, 1H), 6.56 (dd, 1H), 6.22 (d, 1H),3.81 (s, 2H), 2.37 (s, 3H); LCMS: 174.1 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate 63-Iodo-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)aniline

Sodium triacetoxyborohydride (3.74 g, 17.6 mmol) was added to a solutionof Intermediate 1 (2.56 g, 11.0 mmol), 3-iodoaniline (2.56 g, 11.7mmol), acetic acid (1.3 mL, 23 mmol) and dichloroethane (45 mL) at rtunder N₂. The reaction was stirred for 80 min, poured into 50 mL sat'dNaHCO₃ and extracted with 50 mL EtOAc. The EtOAc layer was washed with50 mL sat'd NaHCO₃ and washed with 50 mL brine. The aqueous layers werecombined and back extracted with 25 mL EtOAc. The combined organics weredried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, concentrated and purified by silica gelchromatography (0-5% EtOAc in hexanes) to give3-iodo-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)aniline(4.43 g, 88%) as a yellow oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 7.01-6.95(m, 2H), 6.91 (s, 1H), 6.86-6.77 (m, 3H), 6.57 (d, 1H), 5.92 (t, 1H),3.73 (s, 3H), 2.85 (t, 2H), 2.42-2.31 (m, 1H), 2.11 (s, 3H), 1.94-1.85(m, 2H), 1.82-1.73 (m, 2H), 1.63-1.50 (m, 1H), 1.45-1.31 (m, 2H),1.14-1.00 (m, 2H); LCMS: 436.4 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate 73-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-((4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl)methyl)aniline

Dichloroethane was cooled in an ice/water bath under N₂. Intermediate 3(151 mg, 0.58 mmol), Intermediate 4 (118 mg, 0.59 mmol), and then sodiumtriacetoxyborohydride (198 mg, 0.93 mmol) were added to the reaction at0° C. The reaction was allowed to warm to rt, stirred at rt for 85 min,poured into 20 mL saturated NaHCO₃, and then extracted with 20 mL EtOAc.The organic layer was washed with 20 mL brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered,concentrated, and purified by silica gel chromatography (10-30% EtOAc inhexanes) to give3-(1-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N-((4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl)methyl)aniline(233 mg, 90%) as a white foam. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 8.09 (s,1H), 7.71 (s, 1H), 7.11-7.05 (m, 2H), 7.00 (t, 1H), 6.84-6.76 (m, 2H),6.68 (d, 1H), 6.47 (d, TH), 5.32 (t, TH), 3.75-3.68 (m, 4H), 2.83 (d,2H), 2.12 (s, 3H), 1.78-1.69 (m, 6H), 1.62-1.52 (m, 6H), 1.10-1.04 (m,2H), 1.00-0.93 (in, 2H); LCMS: 442.3 [M+H]⁺.

The Intermediates below were synthesized from the appropriate amine (SMor Intermediate) and the appropriate aldehyde Intermediates followingthe procedures described for Intermediate 6 and Intermediate 7.

Int Structure Name [M + H]⁺ 7.01

5-(trans-4-(((3- Iodophenyl)amino)methyl)cyclohexayl)-2-methoxybenzonitrile 447.1 7.02¹

N-((trans-4-(4-Methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-3-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1- yl)aniline 390.3 7.03

3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4- yl)-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl) methyl)aniline 416.3 7.04

N-((trans-4-(3-Chloro-4- methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-3-(1-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4- yl)aniline 436.6 7.05

5-(trans-4-(((3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)amino)methyl)cyclohexyl)-N,N-dimethylpyridin- 2-amine 416.3 7.06

3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4- yl)-N-((trans-4-(3-fluoro-1-methyl-1H-indazol-5- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)aniline 444.6 7.07

4-Bromo-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy- 3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)pyridin-2-amine 389.1 7.08

4-Bromo-N-((4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-amine 415.2 7.09

4-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4- yl)-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl) methyl)pyridin-2-amine 417.1 7.10

3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4- yl)-N-((trans-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2- yl)cylcohexyl)methyl)aniline 417.1 7.11

4-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4- yl)-N-((trans-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl) methyl)pyridin-2-amine 418.3 7.12

3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4- yl)-N-(((1r,4r)-4-(5-methoxy-4-methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl) methyl)aniline 417.3 7.13

3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4- yl)-N-((trans-4-(6-methoxy-5-methylpyridin-3-yl)cyclohexyl) methyl)aniline 417.3 7.14

N-((trans-4-(5-Chloro-6- methoxypyridin-3- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-3-(1-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4- yl)aniline 437.4 7.15

5-(trans-4-(((3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)amino)methyl)cyclohex-yl)-2- methoxybenzonitrile 427.3 7.16

5-(trans-4-(((4-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)amino)methyl)cyclohexyl)-2- methoxybenzonitrile 428.3 7.17

6-(trans-4-(((3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)amino)methyl)cyclohex-yl)-3- methoxypicolinonitrile 428.3 7.18

6-(trans-4-(((4-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)amino)methyl)cyclohexyl)-3- methoxypicolinonitrile 429.4 7.19

4-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4- yl)-N-((4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan- 1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-amine 443.1 7.20

5-(4-(((3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)amino)methyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan- 1-yl)-N,N-dimethylpyridin- 2-amine 442.47.21

3-(1-Isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N- ((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cylcohexyl)meth- yl)aniline 418.3 7.22

4-(1-Isoropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N- ((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl) methyl)pyridin-2-amine 419.3 7.23

3-(1-Isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N- ((trans-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)aniline 419.7 7.24

4-(1-Isorpopyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N- ((trans-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)pyridin-2- amine 420.3 7.25

5-(trans-4-(((3-(1-Isopropyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)amino)methyl)cyclohexyl)-2- methoxybenzonitrile 429.5 7.26

5-(trans-4-(((4-(1-Isopropyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)amino)methyl)cyclohexyl)-2- methoxybenzonitrile 430.4 7.27

6-(trans-4-(((4-(1-Isopropyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)amino)methyl)cyclohexyl)-3- methoxypicolinonitrile 431.4 7.28

3-(1-Isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N- ((4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl) methyl)aniline 444.4 7.29

3-(1-(tert-Butyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)- N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl) methyl)aniline 432.3 7.30

3-(1-(tert-Butyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)- N-((trans-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)aniline 433.4 7.31

3-(1-Cyclobutyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)- N-((trans-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)aniline 431.8 7.32

3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4- yl)-N-((trans-4-(1-methyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-5- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)aniline 426.3 7.33

N-((trans-4-(Benzo[d][1,3]dioxol- 5-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-3-(1-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4- yl)aniline 416.3 7.34

3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4- yl)-N-((trans-4-(1-ethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclohexyl) methyl)aniline 390.3 7.35²

4-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4- yl)-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)- 6-methylpyridin-2-amine 431.6 7.36²

4-(1-Isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-N- ((trans-4-(6-methoxy-5-methylpyridin-3-yl)cyclohexyl) methyl)pyridin-2-amine 420.4 7.37²

N-((trans-4-(5-Chloro-6- methoxypyridin-3- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-4-(1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) pyridin-2-amine 440.4 ¹Alternate conditions:NaBH₃CN, AcOH, MeOH, rt, overnight; ²solvent was DCM.

Intermediate 8 trans-4-((tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)cyclohexanecarbonylchloride

Step 1: trans-tert-Butyldimethylsilyl4-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)cyclohexanecarboxylate

tert-Butyldimethylsilyl chloride (31.47 g, 208.8 mmol) was added to amixture of trans-4-hydroxy-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (10.03 g, 69.57mmol), imidazole (18.96 g, 278.5 mmol), and DMF (140 mL) at rt under N₂(reaction exothermed to 32° C.). The reaction was stirred at rt for 2 hand then diluted with 300 mL diethyl ether. The organic layer was washedwith 1 N HCl (2×300 mL), washed with 300 mL brine, dried (Na₂SO₄),filtered and concentrated to give trans-tert-butyldimethylsilyl4-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)cyclohexanecarboxylate (31.5 g) as aclear oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 3.61-3.53 (m, 1H), 2.26-2.18 (m,1H), 2.04-1.96 (m, 2H), 1.92-1.85 (m, 2H), 1.51-1.39 (m, 2H), 1.39-1.27(m, 2H), 0.94 (s, 9H), 0.89 (s, 9H), 0.26 (s, 6H), 0.06 (s, 6H).

Step 2: trans-4-((tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid

Potassium carbonate (58.01 g, 419.7 mmol) in water (300 mL) was added toa mixture of trans-tert-butyldimethylsilyl4-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)cyclohexanecarboxylate (31.5 g crude,69.6 mmol), ethanol (1000 mL) and THF (300 mL) at rt under N₂. Thereaction was stirred at rt for 3 h, concentrated until 300 mL remained,diluted with 600 mL brine, and then acidified to pH 2-3 with 20% NaHSO₄(550 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with 800 mL diethyl ether. Theorganic layer was washed with 800 mL brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered andconcentrated to givetrans-4-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (17.3g, 96% over 2 steps) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ12.30 (br s, 1H), 3.59-3.51 (m, 1H), 2.15-2.05 (m, 1H), 1.88-1.74 (m,4H), 1.41-1.29 (m, 2H), 1.28-1.16 (m, 2H), 0.84 (s, 9H), 0.02 (s, 6H).

Step 3: trans-4-((tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)cyclohexanecarbonylchloride

(Chloromethylene)dimethyl iminium chloride (34.02 g, 265.78 mmol) wasweighed into a 1000 mL round bottom flask (3 neck) and degassed withvacuum/N₂ cycles (3×). Toluene (240 mL) was added to the flask, and themixture was cooled (1.3° C.) in an ice bath. Anhydrous potassiumcarbonate* (68.71 g, 497.14 mmol) andtrans-4-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (34.29g, 132.69 mmol) were sequentially added to the reaction. The ice bathwas removed, and the mixture was stirred for 35 min. Celite (7 g) wasadded to the reaction, and then the reaction was filtered through Celite(70 g, Chemglass 465 mL fritted funnel) with toluene washes (3×100 mL).This solution (451 g, 8.5% acid chloride, 100% yield, 72 mg/mL) was usedimmediately in the acylation reaction. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ3.77-3.68 (m, 1H), 2.83-2.74 (m, 1H), 2.31-2.22 (m, 2H), 2.09-1.99 (m,2H), 1.76-1.63 (m, 2H), 1.54-1.42 (m, 2H), 1.02 (s, 9H), 0.20 (s, 6H).*Potassium carbonate was dried under vacuum by heating with a heat gunfor ˜5 min and then allowing to cool overnight.

The Intermediates below were synthesized from the appropriate startingmaterials following the procedure described for Intermediate 8.

Int Structure Name 8.01¹

trans-Methyl 4- (chlorocarbonyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate 8.02¹

tert-Butyl (trans-4- (chlorocarbonyl)cyclohexyl)carbamate 8.03

cis-4-((tert- Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)cyclohexane- carbonyl chloride8.04²

4-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-4- methylcyclohexanecarbonyl chloride¹Step 3 only. ²Step 1: Ethyl 4-oxocyclohexanecarboxylate, AlMe₃,toluene, 0° C., 1 h gave ethyl 4-hydroxy-4-methylcyclohexanecarboxylateas a cis/trans mixture; Step 2: TBSOTf, 2,6-lutidine, DCM, 0° C.-rt,overnight; Step 3: LiOH•H₂O, H₂O, THF; Step 4: Step 3 for Intermediate8.

Intermediate 9trans-4-((tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-N-(3-iodophenyl)-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide

Intermediate 8 (74 mg/mL in toluene, 43 mL, 11.49 mmol) was added to asolution of Intermediate 6 (3.32 g, 7.63 mmol), pyridine (2.5 mL, 31mmol), and toluene (15 mL). The mixture was stirred at rt for 90 min,diluted with EtOAc (50 mL), and washed (50 mL H₂O, 50 mL sat'd NaHCO₃and then 50 mL brine). The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered,concentrated, and purified by silica gel chromatography (0-10% EtOAc inhexanes) to givetrans-4-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-N-(3-iodophenyl)-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide(4.05 g, 79%) as a white foam. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 7.76 (d,1H), 7.72 (s, 1H), 7.31 (d, 1H), 7.27 (t, 1H), 6.97-6.92 (m, 2H),6.80-6.76 (m, 1H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 3.60-3.40 (m, 3H), 2.37-2.27 (m, 1H),2.09 (s, 3H), 2.01-1.91 (m, 1H), 1.78-1.67 (m, 6H), 1.65-1.56 (m, 2H),1.49-1.21 (m, 5H), 1.10-0.94 (m, 2H), 0.92-0.76 (m, 11H), −0.01 (s, 6H);LCMS: 676.6 [M+H]⁺.

The Intermediates below were synthesized from the appropriateIntermediate following the procedure described for Intermediate 9.

Int Structure Name [M + H]⁺ 9.01

trans-4-((tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)- N-((trans-4-(3-cyano4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)- N-(3-iodophenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 687.5 9.02¹

trans-N-(4-Bromopyridin-2-yl)-4-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl) methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 629.29.03¹

trans-N-(4-Bromopyridin-2-yl)-4-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-N-((4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1- yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide655.2 ¹Alternate conditions used: TEA, DCM, rt, overnight

Intermediate 10trans-4-((tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide

A mixture of bis(pinacolato)diboron (1.42 g, 5.59 mmol), potassiumacetate (1.45 g, 14.8 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (135 mg, 0.18 mmol), andtoluene (23 mL) was degassed with 3 vacuum/N₂ cycles. Intermediate 9(2.50 g, 3.70 mmol) was added to the mixture, and the reaction wasdegassed with 2 vacuum/N₂ cycles, heated at 115° C. for 3.5 h, and thenallowed to cool to rt. The mixture was diluted with 75 mL EtOAc. Theorganics were washed with sat'd NaHCO₃ (2×75 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄),filtered, concentrated, and dried on high vacuum overnight to givetrans-4-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide(2.99 g, 120% crude product) as a brown solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃):δ 7.82-7.78 (m, 1H), 7.61-7.57 (m, 1H), 7.43 (t, 1H), 7.27-7.24 (m, 1H),6.99-6.94 (m, 2H), 6.74 (d, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.72-3.45 (m, 3H),2.44-2.33 (m, 1H), 2.20 (s, 3H), 2.11-2.01 (m, 1H), 1.90-1.76 (m, 6H),1.75-1.65 (m, 3H), 1.58-1.47 (m, 2H), 1.42-1.32 (m, 14H), 1.24-1.10 (m,2H), 1.06-0.92 (m, 2H), 0.84 (s, 9H), 0.01 (s, 6H); LCMS: 676.6 [M+H]⁺.Note: Intermediate 10 was also synthesized from the bromide version ofIntermediate 9.

Intermediate 11trans-4-((tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-N-(3-ethynylphenyl)-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide

Step 1:trans-4-((tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-((trimethylsilyl)ethynyl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide

Ethynyl(trimethyl)silane (7.56 g, 76.95 mmol, 10.65 mL), CuI (733 mg,3.85 mmol), and Pd(PPh₃)₂Cl₂ (2.70 g, 3.85 mmol) were added to asolution of Intermediate 9 (26 g, 38.48 mmol) in Et₃N (260 mL) under N₂.The mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 6 h, cooled to rt, and thendiluted with ethyl acetate (250 mL). The mixture was washed with 250 mLH₂O. The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated.The crude was purified by silica gel chromatography (petroleumether/ethyl acetate=20:1 to 5:1) to givetrans-4-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-((trimethylsilyl)ethynyl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide(21.5 g, 78% yield) as a yellow oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ7.45-7.47 (m, 1H), 7.34-7.38 (m, 1H), 7.26-7.27 (m, 1H), 7.12-7.14 (m,1H), 6.95-6.97 (m, 2H), 6.73-6.75 (m, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.50-3.58 (m,3H), 2.35-2.38 (m, 1H), 2.19 (s, 3H), 1.84-1.88 (m, 1H), 1.77-1.84 (m,6H), 1.56-1.66 (m, 4H), 1.34-1.37 (m, 3H), 1.13-1.16 (m, 2H), 1.00-1.04(m, 2H), 0.84 (s, 9H), 0.29 (s, 9H), 0.01 (s, 6H); LCMS: 646.5 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2:trans-4-((tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-N-(3-ethynylphenyl)-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide

Ammonium fluoride (2.87 g, 77.39 mmol) was added to a solution oftrans-4-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-((trimethylsilyl)ethynyl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide(10 g, 15.48 mmol) in MeOH (100 mL). The mixture was stirred at 60° C.for 1 h and then concentrated. The crude was purified by silica gelchromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate=100/1 to 10:1) to givetrans-4-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-N-(3-ethynylphenyl)-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide(7.8 g, 88% yield) as yellow oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.49-7.51(m, 1H), 7.40-7.42 (m, 1H), 7.31 (s, 1H), 7.17-7.19 (m, 1H), 6.95-6.97(m, 2H), 6.73-6.75 (m, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.50-3.60 (m, 3H), 3.17 (s,1H), 2.38-2.41 (m, 1H), 2.20 (s, 3H), 1.86-1.89 (m, 1H), 1.77-1.85 (m,6H), 1.61-1.66 (m, 4H), 1.34-1.37 (m, 3H), 1.14-1.17 (m, 2H), 1.00-1.04(m, 2H), 0.84 (s, 9H), 0.01 (s, 6H).

Intermediate 12; SM for Intermediate 1.046-Chloro-3-methoxypicolinonitrile

Step 1: 2-Cyano-3-methoxypyridine 1-oxide

3-Chloroperbenzoic acid (90.8 g, 447 mmol, 85% purity) was added to asolution of 3-methoxypicolinonitrile (50 g, 373 mmol) in DCE (500 mL) atrt. The reaction mixture was heated at 65° C. overnight and then allowedto cool to rt. The mixture was washed with NaHCO₃ (5×300 mL), dried overNa₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated, and then triturated in petroleumether/EtOAc=5/1 (300 mL) to give 2-cyano-3-methoxypyridine 1-oxide (50g, 89%) as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.95 (d, 1H), 7.37(t, 1H), 6.90 (d, 1H), 4.03 (s, 3H); LCMS: 151.0 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2: 6-Chloro-3-methoxypicolinonitrile

A mixture of 2-cyano-3-methoxypyridine 1-oxide (30 g, 200 mmol) andPOCl₃ (333 g, 2.17 mol) was heated to 100° C. for 2 h under N₂. Themixture was concentrated to dryness, diluted with NaHCO₃ (300 mL), andextracted with EtOAc (2×100 ml). The organic layers were combined, dried(Na₂SO₄), filtered, concentrated, and then purified by silica gelchromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc=2/1) to give6-chloro-3-methoxypicolinonitrile (20 g, 59%) as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.51 (d, 1H), 7.38 (d, 1H), 3.99 (s, 3H); LCMS:169.0 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate 13; SM for Intermediate 1.095-Bromo-1-methyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridine

Sodium hydride (3.65 g, 91.36 mmol, 60% purity) was added to a solutionof 5-bromo-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridine (9 g, 45.68 mmol) in DMF (100 mL)at 0° C. under N₂. The reaction was stirred for 0.5 h, and then Me₂SO₄(5.76 g, 45.68 mmol) was added dropwise at 0° C. under N₂. The reactionwas allowed to warm to rt for 2 h, poured into water (200 mL), andextracted with EtOAc (5×100 mL). The combined organic layers were washedwith water (2×100 mL), washed with brine (100 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄,filtered, concentrated, and then purified by chromatography on silicagel (petroleum ether/EtOAc=4/1) to give5-bromo-1-methyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridine (9.6 g, 99.5%) as a yellowsolid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 8.64 (s, 1H), 7.73 (s, 1H), 7.63 (d,1H), 6.47 (d, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H); LCMS: 211.0 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate 14; SM for Intermediate 1.035-Bromo-3-fluoro-1-methyl-1H-indazole

1-(Chloromethyl)-4-fluoro-1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1,4-diiumtetrafluoroborate (16.11 g, 45.48 mmol) was added to a solution of5-bromo-1-methyl-1H-indazole (8.00 g, 37.90 mmol) in CH₃CN (80 mL) atrt. The mixture was stirred at 80° C. overnight, quenched with H₂O (50mL) at rt, and then diluted with EtOAc (50 mL). The mixture wasextracted with EtOAc (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were driedover Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give aresidue. The residue was purified by column chromatography (petroleumether/ethyl acetate=50 to 5:1) to give5-bromo-3-fluoro-1-methyl-1H-indazole (3.95 g, 46%) as a white solid. ¹HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 7.93 (s, 1H), 7.53-7.65 (m, 2H), 3.90 (s, 3H).

Compound 1trans-4-Hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(4-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide

Step 1:trans-4-((tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(4-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide

A mixture of Cu₂O (2.6 mg, 0.019 mmol), Cs₂CO₃ (241 mg, 0.740 mmol),salicylaldoxime (10 mg, 0.074 mmol), and 4-methyl-1H-pyrazole (45.5 mg,0.555 mmol) was added to a solution of Intermediate 9 (250 mg, 0.370mmol) in CH₃CN (10 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 80° C.overnight under N₂, allowed to cool to rt, filtered, and concentrated invacuo. The crude product was purified by prep-TLC (PE/EA=10/1) to givetrans-4-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(4-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide(100 mg, 43%) as a light yellow oil. LCMS: 630.5 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2:trans-4-Hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(4-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide

Aqueous hydrochloric acid (1 M, 0.5 mL) was added to a solution oftrans-4-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(4-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide(80.0 mg, 0.127 mmol) in MeOH (4 mL). The mixture was stirred at rt for0.5 h, poured into 10 mL cold water, and then extracted with 5% MeOH inDCM (15 mL). The organic layer was washed with 10 mL brine, dried(Na₂SO₄), filtered, concentrated, and purified by prep-TLC (PE/EA=1/1)to givetrans-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(4-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide(21 mg, 32%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 8.37 (s,1H), 7.77-7.86 (m, 1H), 7.73 (s, 1H), 7.52-7.62 (m, 2H), 7.20 (d, 1H),6.92-6.96 (m, 2H), 6.78 (d, 1H), 4.35-4.42 (m, 1H), 3.72 (s, 3H),3.54-3.61 (m, 2H), 3.26-3.30 (m, 1H), 2.00-2.12 (m, 7H), 1.69-1.80 (m,6H), 1.59-1.68 (m, 2H), 1.22-1.49 (m, 6H), 0.99-1.12 (m, 2H), 0.70-0.85(m, 2H); LCMS: 516.2 [M+H]⁺.

Compound 2trans-N-((trans-4-(3-Cyano-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(1-ethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxamide

Step 1:trans-4-((tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-N-((trans-4-(3-cyano-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(1-ethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide

A mixture of Intermediate 9.01 (101 mg, 0.15 mmol),(1-ethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)boronic acid (33 mg, 0.24 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl₂(15 mg, 0.02 mmol), dioxane (1.5 mL) and 0.4 M K₂CO₃ (1.1 mL, 0.44 mmol)was degassed with 3 vacuum/N₂ cycles, stirred at 80° C. for 25 min,allowed to cool to rt, poured into 20 mL sat'd NaHCO₃, and thenextracted with 20 mL EtOAc. The organics were washed with 20 mL brine,dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, concentrated, and purified by silica gelchromatography (20-50% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to givetrans-4-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-N-((trans-4-(3-cyano-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(1-ethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide(79 mg, 81%). LCMS: 655.5 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2:trans-N-((trans-4-(3-Cyano-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(1-ethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxamide

Aqueous hydrochloric acid (1N, 0.17 mL, 0.17 mmol) was added to asolution oftrans-4-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-N-((trans-4-(3-cyano-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(1-ethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide(79 mg, 0.12 mmol), methanol (0.5 mL) and tetrahydrofuran (0.5 mL) at 0°C. The reaction was allowed to warm to rt, stirred at rt for 1 h, pouredinto 20 mL cold sat'd NaHCO₃, and then extracted with 20 mL EtOAc. Theorganics were washed with 20 mL sat'd NaHCO₃ and washed with 20 mLbrine. The combined aqueous layers were back extracted with 20 mL EtOAc.The combined extracts were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, concentrated, andpurified by silica gel chromatography (0-7% methanol in DCM) to givetrans-N-((trans-4-(3-cyano-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(1-ethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxamide(60 mg, 92%) as a yellow foam. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 8.29 (s,1H), 7.94 (s, 1H), 7.59 (d, 1H), 7.56-7.48 (m, 3H), 7.45 (t, 1H),7.15-7.06 (m, 2H), 4.39 (d, 1H), 4.15 (q, 2H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.66-3.46(m, 2H), 3.32-3.20 (m, 1H), 2.49-2.40 (m, 1H), 2.11-2.00 (m, 1H),1.81-1.68 (m, 6H), 1.68-1.59 (m, 2H), 1.48-1.27 (m, 8H), 1.12-0.99 (m,2H), 0.82-0.68 (m, 2H); LCMS: 541.4 [M+H]⁺.

The Compounds below were synthesized from the appropriate Intermediateand the appropriate boronic acid or boronic ester following theprocedures described for Compound 2.

Cmpd Structure Name [M + H]⁺ 2.01^(1,4)

trans-4-Hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol- 4-yl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide516.4 2.02^(2,4)

trans-N-(3-(1-Ethyl-1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl) cyclohexyl)methyl) cyclohexanecarboxamide530.5 2.03

trans-N-((trans-4-(3-Cyano-4- methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-4-hydroxy-N-(3-(1-isopropyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 555.5 2.04

trans-N-((trans-4-(3-Cyano-4- methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(1-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxamide 553.5 2.05

trans-N-(3-(1-(2,2-Difluoroethyl)-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl) cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 566.4 2.06

trans-4-Hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N- (3-(1-(trifluoromethyl)-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 570.4 2.07²

trans-N-(4-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy- 3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 543.3 2.08

trans-N-(4-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-4-hydroxy-N-((4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl)methyl) cyclohexanecarboxamide 569.5 2.09³

trans-4-Hydroxy-N-(4-(isopropyl- 1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-((4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl) bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 571.5Alternate conditions: Step 1: ¹1 M Na₂CO₃, DMF, 50° C., ²Cs₂CO₃, DMF(1-2% water), 50° C., ³Pd(PPh₃)₄, Cs₂CO₃, DMF (2% water), 50° C.; Step2: 46 N HCl.

Compound 3trans-N-(3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide

Step 1:trans-4-((tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-N-(3-(1-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide

A mixture of 4-bromo-1-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazole (65 mg, 0.35 mmol),Intermediate 10 (163 mg, 0.20 mmol), Cs₂CO₃ (196 mg, 0.60 mmol),Pd(dppf)Cl₂, DMF (2 mL), and H₂O (20 μL) was degassed with 3 vacuum/N₂cycles, heated at 80° C. for 110 min, and allowed to cool to rt. Thereaction was poured into 20 mL sat'd NaHCO₃ and then extracted withEtOAc (2×20 mL). The combined organics were washed with 20 mL brine,dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, concentrated, and purified by silica gelchromatography (10-30% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to givetrans-4-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-N-(3-(1-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide(63 mg, 48%) as a white foam. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 8.34 (s, 1H),7.93 (s, 1H), 7.61 (d, 1H), 7.56-7.52 (m, 1H), 7.43 (t, 1H), 7.08 (d,1H), 6.98-6.91 (m, 2H), 6.81-6.75 (m, 1H), 3.77-3.69 (m, 4H), 3.64-3.45(m, 3H), 2.38-2.28 (m, 1H), 2.13-2.02 (m, 4H), 1.81-1.68 (m, 6H),1.68-1.59 (m, 2H), 1.51-1.36 (m, 3H), 1.36-1.22 (m, 2H), 1.12-0.95 (m,6H), 0.89-0.74 (m, 11H), −0.03 (s, 6H); LCMS: 656.6 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2:trans-N-(3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide

Aqueous hydrochloric acid (6 N, 0.13 mL, 0.78 mmol) was added to asolution oftrans-4-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-N-(3-(1-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide(62 mg, 0.095 mmol), methanol (0.5 mL) and tetrahydrofuran (0.5 mL) at0° C. The reaction was allowed to warm to rt, stirred for 40 min, pouredinto 20 mL cold sat'd NaHCO₃, and then extracted with EtOAc. Theorganics were washed with 20 mL sat'd NaHCO₃ and washed with 20 mLbrine. The first aqueous wash was back extracted with 20 mL EtOAc. Thecombined extracts were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, concentrated, andpurified by silica gel chromatography (0-7% MeOH in DCM) to givetrans-N-(3-(1-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide(50 mg, 98%) as an off-white foam. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 8.34 (s,1H), 7.94 (s, 1H), 7.60 (d, 1H), 7.56-7.51 (m, 1H), 7.44 (t, 1H), 7.09(d, 1H), 6.98-6.92 (m, 2H), 6.81-6.75 (m, 1H), 4.39 (d, 1H), 3.78-3.69(m, 4H), 3.63-3.48 (m, 2H), 3.30-3.20 (m, 1H), 2.38-2.28 (m, 1H), 2.09(s, 3H), 2.08-1.99 (m, 1H), 1.80-1.68 (m, 6H), 1.67-1.58 (m, 2H),1.48-1.37 (m, 3H), 1.32-1.20 (m, 2H), 1.11-0.95 (i, 6H), 0.81-0.67 (n,2H); LCMS: 542.5 [M+H]⁺.

The Compounds below were synthesized from Intermediate 10 and theappropriate aryl halide following the procedures described for Compound3.

Cmpd Structure Name [M + H]⁺ 3.01

trans-4-Hydroxy-N-((trans- 4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(1-methyl- 1H-pyrazol-3-yl)phenyl) cyclohexanecarboxamide516.5 3.02

trans-4-Hydroxy-N-(3-(1- isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl) cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 544.4 3.03

trans-4-Hydroxy-N-(3-(1- isobutyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl) cyclohexyl)methylcyclohexanecarboxamide 558.5 3.04

trans-4-Hyrdoxy-N-((trans- 4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(1-propyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl) cyclohexanecarboxamide544.5 3.05

trans-4-Hydroxy-N-(3-(1-(2- hydroxyethyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl-N-((trans-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl) cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 546.5 3.06¹

trans-N-(3-(1-(2- (Dimethylamino)ethyl)-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl) cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 573.5 3.07

trans-4-Hydroxy-N-((trans- 4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3- (1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl) cyclohexanecarboxamide 584.4 3.08²

trans-N-(3-(1-Cyclobutyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methylcyclohexanecarboxamide 556.4 3.09^(1,2)

trans-4-Hydroxy-N-((trans- 4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(1- (oxetan-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 558.4 3.10²

trans-4-Hydroxy-N-((trans-4- (4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3- (1-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl) cyclohexanecarboxamide 586.5 3.11^(1,2)

trans-N-(3-(1-Difluoromethyl)- 1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydyroxy-N-((trans-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl) cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 552.4 3.12^(1,2)

trans-N-(3-(1-(2-Fluoroethyl)- 1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl) cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 548.5 3.13²

trans-N-(3-(1-(sec-Butyl)-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl) cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 558.4 Alternate conditions: Step 1: ¹aq. K₂CO₃,dioxane, 80° C., 0.5-5 h; Step 2: ²1 N HCl.

Compound 4trans-4-Hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)ethynyl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide

Step 1:trans-4-((tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)ethynyl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide

A mixture of Intermediate 11 (301 mg, 0.525 mmol),4-iodo-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole (131 mg, 0.629 mmol), CuI (10 mg, 0.053mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₂Cl₂ (37 mg, 0.052 mmol), and Et₃N (5 mL) was stirred at80° C. for 1 h under N₂, cooled to rt, poured into water (30 mL), andthen extracted with EtOAc (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers werewashed with brine (2×20 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentratedunder reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gelchromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate=25:1 to 5:1) to givetrans-4-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)ethynyl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide(115 mg, 29%) as a yellow oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.69 (s, 1H),7.61 (s, 1H), 7.36-7.50 (m, 2H), 7.28-7.33 (m, 1H), 7.12 (d, 1H),6.91-7.02 (m, 2H), 6.75 (d, 1H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.48-3.65(m, 3H), 2.35-2.43 (m, 1H), 2.20 (s, 3H), 2.05-2.14 (m, 1H), 1.77-1.90(m, 8H), 1.49-1.73 (m, 8H), 1.25-1.42 (m, 3H), 1.11-1.22 (m, 2H),0.97-1.09 (m, 2H), 0.81-0.89 (m, 9H); LCMS: 654.3 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2:trans-4-Hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)ethynyl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide

Aqueous hydrochloric acid (1 M, 0.30 mL) was added to a solution oftrans-4-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)ethynyl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide(111 mg, 0.170 mmol), MeOH (2 mL), and THF (2 mL) at 0° C. The ice/waterbath was removed and the reaction was allowed to warm to rt. The mixturewas stirred at rt for 1 h, poured into sat'd NaHCO₃ (40 mL), extractedwith EtOAc (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine(2×20 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated under reducedpressure. The residue was purified by RP-HPLC [water (10 mMNH₄HCO₃)-MeCN] to givetrans-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)ethynyl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide(47.8 mg, 52%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 8.09 (s,1H), 7.71 (s, 1H), 7.48-7.52 (m, 2H), 7.42 (s, 1H), 7.32 (s, 1H),6.93-6.95 (m, 2H), 6.72-6.83 (m, 1H), 4.34-4.47 (m, 1H), 3.86 (s, 3H),3.72 (s, 3H), 3.51-3.61 (m, 2H), 3.30-3.32 (m, 1H), 2.24-2.38 (m, 1H),2.09 (s, 3H), 1.90-2.01 (m, 1H), 1.67-1.79 (m, 6H), 1.55-1.67 (m, 2H),1.21-1.49 (m, 5H), 0.97-1.12 (m, 2H), 0.70-0.84 (m, 2H); LCMS: 540.3[M+H]⁺.

The Compounds below were synthesized from Intermediate 11 andappropriate halide following the procedures described for Compound 4.

Cmpd Structure Name [M + H]⁺ 4.01

trans-N-(3-((1H-Pyrazol-4- yl)ethylnyl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl) cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 526.5 4.02

trans-4-Hydroxy-N-((trans-4- (4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-((1- methyl-1H-pyrazol-3- yl)ethynyl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 540.4 4.03

trans-N-(3-((1H-Pyrazol-3- yl)ethylnyl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl) cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 526.4

Compound 5trans-N-(3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(3-fluoro-1-methyl-1H-indazol-5-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxamide

Step 1:trans-4-((tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-N-(3-(1-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(3-fluoro-1-methyl-1H-indazol-5-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide

Intermediate 8 (75 mg/mL toluene solution, 1.7 mL, 0.461 mmol) was addedto a solution of Intermediate 7.06 (130 mg, 0.293 mmol), pyridine (95μL, 1.17 mmol), and toluene (2.5 mL) in an rt water bath. The mixturewas stirred at rt for 2 h, diluted with EtOAc (20 mL), washed (20 mLsaturated NaHCO₃ and then 20 mL brine), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, andconcentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography(0-40% EtOAc in hexanes) to givetrans-4-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-N-(3-(1-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(3-fluoro-1-methyl-1H-indazol-5-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide(184 mg, 90%) as a white foam. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 8.34 (s,1H), 7.93 (s, 1H), 7.60 (d, 1H), 7.54 (s, 1H), 7.50 (dd, 1H), 7.48-7.41(m, 2H), 7.36 (d, 1H), 7.10 (d, 1H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.77-3.70 (m, 1H),3.68-3.42 (m, 3H), 2.61-2.52 (m, 1H), 2.13-2.02 (m, 1H), 1.84-1.75 (m,4H), 1.75-1.68 (m, 2H), 1.68-1.59 (m, 2H), 1.54-1.33 (m, 5H), 1.14-1.03(m, 4H), 1.02-0.92 (m, 2H), 0.90-0.72 (m, 11H), −0.03 (s, 6H); LCMS:684.2 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2:trans-N-(3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(3-fluoro-1-methyl-1H-indazol-5-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxamide

Aqueous hydrochloric acid (1 N, 0.5 mL, 0.5 mmol) was added to asolution oftrans-4-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-N-(3-(1-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(3-fluoro-1-methyl-1H-indazol-5-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide(180 mg, 0.263 mmol), THF (1 mL), and MeOH (1 mL) at 0° C. The ice bathwas removed after 10 min, and the reaction was stirred for 50 min. Themixture was diluted with EtOAc (20 mL), washed (2×20 mL saturated NaHCO₃and then 20 mL brine), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated. Theresidue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-5% MeOH in DCM) togivetrans-N-(3-(1-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(3-fluoro-1-methyl-1H-indazol-5-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxamide(150 mg, 100%, 95% pure) as a white foam. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ8.34 (s, 1H), 7.94 (s, 1H), 7.60 (d, 1H), 7.54 (s, 1H), 7.50 (dd, 1H),7.48-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.36 (dd, 1H), 7.10 (d, 1H), 4.38 (d, 1H), 3.86 (s,3H), 3.77-3.70 (m, 1H), 3.68-3.43 (m, 2H), 3.31-3.20 (m, 1H), 2.61-2.52(m, 1H), 2.16-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.84-1.68 (m, 6H), 1.68-1.59 (m, 2H),1.52-1.33 (m, 5H), 1.15-1.04 (m, 4H), 1.02-0.96 (m, 2H), 0.81-0.67 (m,2H); LCMS: 570.4 [M+H]⁺.

The Compounds below were synthesized from the appropriate Intermediatefollowing the procedures described for Compound 5.

Cmpd Structure Name [M + H]⁺ 3

trans-N-3-(1-Cyclopropyl- 1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl) cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 542.5 3.02

trans-4-Hydroxy-N-(3-(1- isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl) cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 544.4 5.01^(1,6)

trans-4-Hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(3- methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 516.1 5.02

trans-N-(3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl-N-((trans-4-(6-(dimethylamino)pyridin-3- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxamide 542.4 5.03¹

trans-N-((trans-4-(3-Chloro-4- methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl-N-(3-(1-cyclopropyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxamide 562.4 5.04

trans-N-(3-(1-cyclopropyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-r-(5-methoxy-6- methylpyridin-2- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 543.5 5.05¹

trans-N-((trans-4-(6-Cyano-5- methoxypyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(1- cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) phenyl)-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxamide 554.5 5.06¹

trans-N-((trans-4-(Benzo[d][1,3] dioxol-5-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(1-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol- 4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxamide 542.5 5.07¹

trans-4-Hydroxy-N-(3-(1-isopropyl- 1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 545.5 5.08¹

trans-N-(3-(1-(tert-Butyl)-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 558.3 5.09²

trans-N-(4-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(5- methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 544.5 5.10¹

trans-N-((trans-4-(5-Chloro- 6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N- (3-(1-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol- 4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxamide 563.5 5.11²

trans-4-Hydroxy-N-(4-(1- isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-((trans-4- (4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl) cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 545.5 5.12¹

trans-N-(3-(1-Cyclopropyl- 1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(6- methoxy-5-methylpyridin-3- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 543.4 5.13²

trans-N-((trans-4-(3-Cyano-4- methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(4-(1-cyclopropyl- 1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-4-hydrocyclohexanecarboxamide 554.4 5.14²

trans-N-((trans-N-((trans-4-(3- Cyano-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexy)methyl)-4-hydroxy- N-(4-(1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl) cyclohexanecarboxamide 556.4 5.15¹

trans-N-(3-(1-(tert-Butyl)-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(5-methoxy-6- methylpyridin-2- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 559.5 5.16

trans-N-(3-1-Cyclopropyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(1-ethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) cyclohexyl)methyl)-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxamide 516.5 5.17¹

trans-N-(3-(1-Cyclobutyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(5-methoxy-6- methylpyridin-2- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 557.5 5.18

trans-N-(3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(5-methoxy-4- methylpyridin-2- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 543.5 5.19³

trans-4-Hydroxy-N-(4-(1- isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-((trans-4- (5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl) cyclohexanecarboxamide 546.5 5.20²

trans-N-((trans-4-(6-Cyano- 5-methoxypyridin-2- yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-4-hydroxy-N-(4-(1-isopropyl- 1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 557.4 5.21¹

trans-N-(3-(1-Cyclopropyl- 1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(1- methyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c] pyridin-5-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl) cyclohexanecarboxamide 552.5 5.22²

trans-N-((trans-4-(6-Cyano- 5-methoxypyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(4-(1- cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-4- hydroxycyclohexanecardboxamide 555.5 5.23¹

trans-N-((trans-4-(6-Cyano-5- methoxypyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-4-hydroxy-N- (3-(1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 556.5 5.24¹

N-(3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol- 4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl) cyclohexyl)methyl) cyclohexanecarboxamide 526.45.25¹

cis-N-(3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((4-(4-methoxy- 3-methylphenyl) cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 542.4 5.26²

trans-N-(4-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)-6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl) cyclohexanecarboxamide 557.7 5.27^(1,5)

(1r, 4r)-4-Hydroxy-N-(3-(1- isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl) cyclohexyl)methyl)-4-methylcyclohexanecarboxamide 558.3 5.28⁷

(1s, 4s)-4-Hydroxy-N-(3-(1- isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(4- methoxy-3-methylphenyl) cyclohexyl)methyl)-4-methylcyclohexanecarboxamide 558.3 5.29⁴

trans-4-Hydroxy-N-(4-(1- Isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-((trans-4- (6-methoxy-5-methylpyridin-3-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl) cyclohexanecarboxamide 546.5 5.30⁴

trans-N-((trans-4-(5-Chloro- 6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-4-hydroxy- N-(4-(1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl) cyclohexanecarboxamide 566.5 Alternate conditions:Step 1: ¹solvent was DCM; ²DMAP, pyridine, 80° C.; ³TEA, DCM, rt; ⁴DMAP,TEA, 80° C., 1 h; Step 2: ⁵3 M HCl, THF, MeOH, 45° C. ⁶TBS was cleavedduring acylation. ⁷Isolated during the purification of Compound 5.27.

Compound 6trans-N-(3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide

Step 1:trans-4-((tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-N-(3-(1-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide

A solution of Intermediate 8 (44 mg/mL toluene solution, 2.5 mL, 0.397mmol) was added to a solution of Intermediate 7 (114 mg, 0.258 mmol),pyridine (0.1 mL, 1.2 mmol), and DCM (2.0 mL) at rt. The mixture wasstirred at rt for 135 min, and additional Intermediate 8 (44 mg/mLtoluene solution, 0.5 mL, 0.079 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirredfor 90 min, diluted with EtOAc (20 mL), washed (2×15 mL saturated NaHCO₃and then 15 mL brine), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated. Theresidue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-35% EtOAc inhexanes) to givetrans-4-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-N-(3-(1-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide(155 mg, 88%) as a white foam. LCMS: 682.5 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2:trans-N-(3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide

Aqueous hydrochloric acid (1 M, 0.5 mL, 0.5 mmol) was added to a mixtureoftrans-4-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-N-(3-(1-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide(150 mg, 0.220 mmol), THF (1 mL), and MeOH (1 mL) at 0° C. The reactionwas stirred for 1 h, diluted with EtOAc (20 mL), washed (2×20 mLsaturated NaHCO₃ and then 20 mL brine), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, andconcentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography(0-5% MeOH in DCM) to givetrans-N-(3-(1-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide(109 mg, 89%) as a white foam. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 8.34 (s,1H), 7.94 (s, 1H), 7.59 (s, 1H), 7.54 (d, 1H), 7.40 (t, 1H), 7.16 (d,1H), 7.03-6.97 (m, 2H), 6.76 (d, 1H), 4.40 (s, 1H), 3.76-3.71 (m, 2H),3.70 (s, 3H), 3.62-3.32 (m, 1H), 3.31-3.20 (m, 1H), 2.22-2.11 (m, 1H),2.08 (s, 3H), 1.80-1.68 (m, 2H), 1.66-1.55 (m, 8H), 1.46-1.31 (m, 8H),1.11-0.99 (m, 4H), 0.83-0.66 (m, 2H); LCMS: 568.4 [M+H]⁺.

The Compounds below were synthesized from the appropriate Intermediatefollowing the procedures described for Compound 6.

Cmpd Structure Name [M + H]⁺ 6.01^(1,2)

trans-N-(3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((4-(6-(dimethylamino)pyridin-3- yl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl)methyl)-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxamide 568.5 6.02¹

trans-4-Hydroxy-N-(3-(1-isopropyl- 1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((4-(4-methoxy-3- methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide 570.4 Alternate conditions: Step 1:¹DMAP with pyridine as solvent; ²50° C.

Compound 7trans-4-Amino-N-(3-(1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide

Step 1: tert-Butyl(trans-4-((3-(1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl)carbamate

Intermediate 8.02 (58 mg/mL in toluene, 9 mL, 2.006 mmol) was added to asolution of Intermediate 7.21 (418 mg, 1.001 mmol), pyridine (0.33 mL,4.08 mmol), and DCM (4 mL) at rt. The resulting mixture was stirred atrt for 60 min, diluted with 50 mL EtOAc, washed (50 mL H₂O, 50 mLsaturated NaHCO₃ and then 50 mL brine), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, andthen concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography(10-50% EtOAc in hexanes) to give tert-butyl(trans-4-((3-(1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl)carbamate(622 mg, 96%) as a white foam. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 8.32 (s,1H), 7.94 (s, 1H), 7.60 (d, 1H), 7.55-7.52 (m, 1H), 7.44 (t, 1H), 7.09(d, 1H), 6.98-6.92 (m, 2H), 6.81-6.75 (m, 1H), 6.53 (d, 1H), 4.56-4.44(m, 1H), 3.71 (s, 3H), 3.68-3.35 (m, 2H), 3.20-3.00 (m, 1H), 2.38-2.28(m, 1H), 2.12-2.00 (m, 4H), 1.80-1.62 (m, 8H), 1.50-1.21 (m, 20H),1.13-0.98 (m, 2H), 0.89-0.79 (m, 2H); LCMS: 665.5 [M+Na]⁺.

Step 2:trans-4-Amino-N-(3-(1-Isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide

A solution of tert-butyl(trans-4-((3-(1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)carbamoyl)cyclohexyl)carbamate(617 mg, 0.960 mmol) and trifluoroacetic acid (20% in DCM, 10 mL) wasstirred at rt for 35 min, diluted with DCM (50 mL), and washed (2×50 mLsaturated NaHCO₃ and then 50 mL brine). The organic layer was dried(Na₂SO₄), filtered, and then concentrated to givetrans-4-Amino-N-(3-(1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide(515 mg, 99%) as a white foam. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 8.32 (s,1H), 7.94 (s, 1H), 7.60 (d, 1H), 7.56-7.52 (m, 1H), 7.44 (t, 1H), 7.09(d, 1H), 6.97-6.92 (m, 2H), 6.80-6.76 (m, 1H), 4.56-4.44 (m, 1H), 3.71(s, 3H), 3.66-3.37 (m, 2H), 3.11-2.87 (m, 2H), 2.48-2.40 (m, 1H),2.38-2.28 (m, 1H), 2.13-2.00 (m, 4H), 1.80-1.60 (m, 8H), 1.49-1.35 (m,9H), 1.35-1.21 (m, 2H), 1.13-0.99 (m, 2H), 0.77-0.60 (m, 2H); LCMS:543.6 [M+H]⁺.

The Compound below was synthesized from Intermediate 7 following theprocedures described for Compound 7.

Cmpd Structure Name [M + H]⁺ 7.01

trans-4-Amino-N-(3-(1-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1- yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide567.6

Compound 8trans-N-(3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide

A solution of BBr₃ (4.0 mL, 1 M in DCM) was added dropwise over 2 min toa solution of Compound 3 (1.007 g, 1.858 mmol) and anhydrous DCM (40 mL)at 30° C. The reaction became thick with a white, clumpy solid and wasstirred vigorously. After 6 h, additional DCM (5 mL) and BBr₃ (1 mL)were added. After 24 h total reaction time, a CH₃₀H/H₂O mixture (20 mL,19:1) was added. The reaction was concentrated and then purified bysilica gel chromatography (1-20% CH₃₀H in DCM) to give a mixturecontaining secondary amine (de-acylation). This mixture was purified byreverse-phase HPLC (Waters SunFire column; 55% CH₃CN/45% H₂O containing0.1% TFA), and the concentrated fractions were diluted with EtOAc (60mL) and washed with sat'd NaHCO₃ (50 mL). The organic layer was dried(MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated, and then held under vacuum (0.1 mTorr)for several days to givetrans-N-(3-(1-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamideas a white foam. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 8.92 (s, 1H), 8.34 (s,1H), 7.93 (s, 1H), 7.60 (d, 1H), 7.53 (s, 1H), 7.44 (t, 1H), 7.08 (d,1H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 6.77 (d, 1H), 6.63 (d, 1H), 4.38 (d, 1H), 3.78-3.71(m, 1H), 3.55 (br, 2H), 3.32-3.21 (m, 1H), 2.33-2.23 (m, 1H), 2.06 (s,3H), 2.08-1.99 (m, 1H), 1.79-1.67 (m, 6H), 1.67-1.58 (m, 2H), 1.48-1.33(m, 3H), 1.33-1.20 (m, 2H), 1.10-0.95 (m, 6H), 0.81-0.68 (m, 2H); LCMS:528.4 [M+H]⁺.

Example A-1: Parenteral Pharmaceutical Composition

To prepare a parenteral pharmaceutical composition suitable foradministration by injection (subcutaneous, intravenous), 1-1000 mg of acompound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt orsolvate thereof, is dissolved in sterile water and then mixed with 10 mLof 0.9% sterile saline. A suitable buffer is optionally added as well asoptional acid or base to adjust the pH. The mixture is incorporated intoa dosage unit form suitable for administration by injection

Example A-2: Oral Solution

To prepare a pharmaceutical composition for oral delivery, a sufficientamount of a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, is added to water (with optional solubilizer(s), optionalbuffer(s) and taste masking excipients) to provide a 20 mg/mL solution.

Example A-3: Oral Tablet

A tablet is prepared by mixing 20-50% by weight of a compound describedherein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, 20-50% by weightof microcrystalline cellulose, 1-10% by weight of low-substitutedhydroxypropyl cellulose, and 1-10% by weight of magnesium stearate orother appropriate excipients. Tablets are prepared by directcompression. The total weight of the compressed tablets is maintained at100-500 mg.

Example A-4: Oral Capsule

To prepare a pharmaceutical composition for oral delivery, 10-500 mg ofa compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, is mixed with starch or other suitable powder blend. Themixture is incorporated into an oral dosage unit such as a hard gelatincapsule, which is suitable for oral administration.

In another embodiment, 10-500 mg of a compound described herein, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is placed into Size 4 capsule,or size 1 capsule (hypromellose or hard gelatin) and the capsule isclosed.

Example A-5: Topical Gel Composition

To prepare a pharmaceutical topical gel composition, a compounddescribed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, ismixed with hydroxypropyl celluose, propylene glycol, isopropyl myristateand purified alcohol USP. The resulting gel mixture is then incorporatedinto containers, such as tubes, which are suitable for topicaladministration.

Example B-1: In Vitro FXR Assay (TK) Seeding

CV-1 cells were seeded at a density of 2,000,000 cells in a T175 flaskwith DMEM+10% charcoal double-stripped FBS and incubated at 37° C. in 5%CO₂ for 18 h (O/N).

Transfection

After 18 h of incubation, the medium in the T175 flask was changed withfresh DMEM+10% charcoal super-stripped serum. In a polypropylene tube,2500 μL OptiMEM (Life Technologies, Cat #31985-062) was combined withexpression plasmids for hFXR, hRXR, TK-ECRE-luc and pCMX-YFP. The tubewas then briefly vortexed and incubated at room temperature for 5minutes. Transfection reagent (X-tremeGENE HP from Roche, Cat #06 366236 001) was added to the OptiMEM/plasmid mixture vortexed and incubatedat room temperature for 20 minutes. Following incubation, thetransfection reagent/DNA mixture complex was added to cells in the T175flask and the cells were incubated at 37° C. in 5% CO₂ for 18 h (O/N).

Test Compounds

Compounds were serially diluted in DMSO and added to transfected CV-1cells. The cells were then incubated for 18 hrs. The next day cells werelysed and examined for luminescence.

Representative data for exemplary compounds disclosed herein ispresented in the following table.

TABLE 2 Compound No TK hFXR: EC₅₀ (uM) 1 ++ 2 +++ 2.01 +++ 2.02 +++ 2.03+++ 2.04 +++ 2.05 +++ 2.06 +++ 2.07 +++ 2.08 +++ 2.09 +++ 3 +++ 3.01 +3.02 +++ 3.03 +++ 3.04 +++ 3.05 + 3.06 + 3.07 +++ 3.08 +++ 3.09 +++ 3.10+++ 3.11 +++ 3.12 +++ 3.13 +++ 4 +++ 4.01 +++ 4.02 +++ 4.03 +++ 5 +++5.01 ++ 5.02 +++ 5.03 +++ 5.04 +++ 5.05 +++ 5.06 +++ 5.07 +++ 5.08 +++5.09 ++ 5.10 +++ 5.11 +++ 5.12 +++ 5.13 +++ 5.14 +++ 5.15 +++ 5.16 ++5.17 +++ 5.18 ++ 5.19 +++ 5.20 ++ 5.21 + 5.22 ++ 5.23 +++ 5.24 +++ 5.25+++ 5.26 ++ 5.27 +++ 5.28 +++ 5.29 +++ 5.30 +++ 6 +++ 6.01 +++ 6.02 +++7 + 7.01 ++ 8 ++ Where ‘+++’ means EC₅₀ ≤0.25 uM; ‘++’ means EC₅₀ >0.25uM & <1 uM; ‘+’ means EC₅₀ ≥1 uM. Compounds with a maximum efficacy of<25% of the Fexarmine control were classified as ‘+’.

Example B-2: In Vitro FXR Assay (hSHP) Seeding

CV-1 cells were seeded at a density of 2,000,000 cells in a T175 flaskwith DMEM+10% charcoal double-stripped FBS and incubated at 37° C. in 5%CO₂ for 18 h (O/N).

Transfection

After 18 h of incubation, the medium in the T175 flask was changed withfresh DMEM+10% charcoal super-stripped serum. In a polypropylene tube,2500 μL OptiMEM (Life Technologies, Cat #31985-062) was combined withexpression plasmids for hFXR, hRXR, hSHP-luc and pCMX-YFP. The tube wasthen briefly vortexed and incubated at room temperature for 5 minutes.Transfection reagent (X-tremeGENE HP from Roche, Cat #06 366 236 001)was added to the OptiMEM/plasmid mixture vortexed and incubated at roomtemperature for 20 minutes. Following incubation, the transfectionreagent/DNA mixture complex was added to cells in the T175 flask and thecells were incubated at 37° C. in 5% CO₂ for 18 h (O/N).

Test Compounds

Compounds were serially diluted in DMSO and added to transfected CV-1cells. The cells were then incubated for 18 hrs. The next day cells werelysed and examined for luminescence.

Example B-3: NASH Activity Study (STZ Model)

NASH can be induced in male C57BL/6 by a single subcutaneous injectionof 200 ug STZ 2 days after birth followed by feeding high fat diet (HFD)ad libitum after 4 weeks of age. While continuing HFD, compounds can bedosed for 4-8 weeks to determine the effects on NASH. Fasting glucosecan be measured throughout the study with a hand-held glucose meter.Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST)and triglyceride (TG) can be measured by a clinical chemistry analyzer.The contents of TG in the liver tissue can be measured using theTriglyceride E-test kit (Wako, Tokyo, Japan). Histological analysis ofliver sections can be performed on tissue embedded in Tissue-TEK O.C.T.compound, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80 C. Thesections can be cut (5 um), air dried and fixed in acetone. Forhematoxylin and eosin staining, liver sections can be prefixed byBouin's solution and then stained with hematoxylin and eosin solution.The degree of (zone-3) liver fibrosis can be assessed with Sirius redstaining.

Example B-4: NASH Activity Study (AMLN Model)

NASH is induced in male C57BL/6 mice by diet-induction with AMLN diet(DIO-NASH) (D09100301, Research Diet, USA) (40% fat (18% trans-fat), 40%carbohydrates (20% fructose) and 2% cholesterol). The animals are kepton the diet for 29 weeks. After 26 weeks of diet induction, liverbiopsies are performed for base line histological assessment of diseaseprogression (hepatosteatosis and fibrosis), stratified and randomizedinto treatment groups according to liver fibrosis stage, steatosisscore, and body weight. Three weeks after biopsy the mice are stratifiedinto treatment groups and dosed daily by oral gavage with FXR agonistsfor 8 weeks. At the end of the study liver biopsies are performed toassess hepatic steatosis and fibrosis by examining tissue sectionsstained with H&E and Sirius Red, respectively. Total collagen content inthe liver is measured by colorimetric determination of hydroxyprolineresidues by acid hydrolysis of collagen. Triglycerides and totalcholesterol content in liver homogenates are measured in singledeterminations using autoanalyzer Cobas C-111 with commercial kit (RocheDiagnostics, Germany) according to manufacturer's instructions.

Example B-5: CCl₄ Fibrosis Model

Fibrosis can be induced in BALB/c male mice by bi-weekly administrationof CCl₄ administered by intraperitoneal injection. CCl₄ is formulated1:1 in oil and is injected IP at 1 ml/kg. After 2-4 weeks of fibrosisinduction the compounds can be administered daily by oral gavage for 2-6weeks of treatment while continuing CCl₄ administration. At studytermination livers can be formalin fixed and stained with Sirius Redstain for histopathological evaluation of fibrosis. Total collagencontent can be measured by colorimetric determination of hydroxyprolineresidues by acid hydrolysis of collagen. Serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) can be measured by a clinicalchemistry analyzer.

Example B-6: Intrahepatic Cholestasis Model

Experimental intrahepatic cholestasis induced by 17a-ethynylestradiol(EE2) treatment in rodents is a widely used in vivo model to examine themechanisms involved in estrogen-induced cholestasis. Intrahepaticcholestasis can be induced in adult male mice by subcutaneous injectionof 10 mg/kg 17a-ethynylestradiol (E2) daily for 5 days. Testing of FXRligands can be performed by administration of compounds during E2induction of cholestasis. Cholestatic effects can be quantitated byassessing liver/body weight ratio and measuring serum total bile acidsand alkaline phosphatase levels can be measured using reagents andcontrols from Diagnostic Chemicals Ltd. and the Cobas Mira plus CCanalyzer (Roche Diagnostics). For histology and mitosis measurements,liver samples from each mouse can be fixed in 10% neutral bufferedformalin. Slides are stained with hematoxylin and eosin using standardprotocols and examined microscopically for structural changes.Hepatocyte proliferation is evaluated by immunohistochemical stainingfor Ki67.

Example B-7: Direct Target Gene Regulation

Direct target gene regulation by FXR ligands can be assessed by dosingmice either acutely or chronically with compounds and collecting tissuesat various time points after dosing. RNA can be isolated from tissuessuch as the ileum and liver, and reverse transcribed to cDNA forquantitative PCR analysis of genes known in the literature to bedirectly and indirectly regulated by FXR such as SHP, BSEP, IBABP,FGF15, CYP7A1, CYP8B1 and C3.

Example B-8: Mouse PK Study

The plasma pharmacokinetics of any one of the compounds disclosed hereinas a test article test article is measured following a single bolusintravenous and oral administration to mice (CD-1, C57BL, and dietinduced obesity mice). Test article is formulated for intravenousadministration in a vehicle solution of DMSO, PEG400,hydroxypropyl-o-cyclodextrin (HPOCD) and is administered (for example ata dose volume of 3 mL/kg) at selected dose levels. An oral dosingformulation is prepared in appropriate oral dosing vehicles (vegetableoils, PEG400, Solutol, citrate buffer, or carboxymethyl cellulose) andis administered at a dose volume of 5˜10 mL/kg at selected dose levels.Blood samples (approximately 0.15 mL) are collected by cheek pouchmethod at pre-determined time intervals post intravenous or oral dosesinto tubes containing EDTA. Plasma is isolated by centrifugation ofblood at 10,000 g for 5 minutes, and aliquots are transferred into a96-well plate and stored at −60° C. or below until analysis.

Calibration standards of test article are prepared by diluting DMSOstock solution with DMSO in a concentration range. Aliquots ofcalibration standards in DMSO are combined with plasma from naïve mouseso that the final concentrations of calibration standards in plasma are10-fold lower than the calibration standards in DMSO. PK plasma samplesare combined with blank DMSO to match the matrix. The calibrationstandards and PK samples are combined with ice-cold acetonitrilecontaining an analytical internal standard and centrifuged at 1850 g for30 minutes at 4° C. The supernatant fractions are analyzed by LC/MS/MSand quantitated against the calibration curve. Pharmacokineticparameters (area under the curve (AUC), C_(max), T_(max), eliminationhalf-life (T_(1/2)), clearance (CL), steady state volume of distribution(V_(dss)), and mean residence time (MRT)) are calculated vianon-compartmental analysis using Microsoft Excel (version 2013).

Example B-9: Rat ANIT Model

A compound described herein is evaluated in a chronic treatment model ofcholestasis over a range of doses (for example, doses in the range of0.01 to 100 mg/kg). This model is used to evaluate the suitability ofthe use of FXR agonists, e.g. a compound described herein, for thetreatment of cholestatic liver disorders such as bile acid malabsorption(e.g., primary or secondary bile acid diarrhea), bile reflux gastritis,collagenous colitis, lymphocytic colitis, diversion colitis,indeterminate colitis, Alagille syndrome, biliary atresia, ductopenicliver transplant rejection, bone marrow or stem cell transplantassociated graft versus host disease, cystic fibrosis liver disease, andparenteral nutrition-associated liver disease.

Rats are treated with alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) (0.1% w/w) infood for 3 days prior to treatment with a compound described herein, ata range of doses (for example, doses in the range of 0.01 to 100 mg/kg).A noncholestatic control group is fed standard chow diet without ANITand serves as the noncholestatic control animals (“Control”). After 14days of oral dosing, rat serum is analyzed for levels of analytes. LLQ,lower limit of quantitation. Mean±SEM; n=5.

Levels of hepatobiliary injury indicators are measured in rat serum,such as elevated levels of circulating aspartate aminotransferase (AST),alanine aminotransferase (ALT), bilirubin and bile acids. ANIT exposureinduces profound cholestasis and hepatocellular damage. A compound thatimproves many of these indicators is useful in the treatment of theaforementioned diseases or conditions.

Reductions in the accumulation of bile acids in the liver, enhancementsin bile acid excretion in the biliary tract and inhibition of bile acidsynthesis is consistent with the pharmacological action of a FXRagonist. An improvement in the serum conjugated bilirubin (a directindicator for hepatic function) implies recovery from cholestasis withimproved bile excretion.

Furthermore, an analysis is made to ascertain the effects of thecompound described herein on serum FGF15 fibroblast growth factor 15(FGF15 in rodent; FGF19 in human) expression, a hormone that is secretedin the portal blood and signals to the liver to repress CYP7A1expression synergistically with SHP. The direct FXR-dependent inductionof FGF15/19 along with FGF15/19's anti-cholestatic properties makes it aconvenient serum biomarker for detecting target engagement of FXRagonists.

Serum FGF15 levels are quantified using an FGF15 Meso Scale Discovery(MSD) assay. For example, Mouse FGF15 antibody from R&D Systems (AF6755)is used both as capture and detection antibody in the assay. MSDSULFO-TAG NHS-Ester is used to label the FGF15 antibody. MSD standard96-well plates are coated with the FGF15 capture antibody and the platesare blocked with MSD Blocker A (R93AA-2). After washing the plate withPBS+0.05% Tween 20, MSD diluent 4 is dispensed into each well andincubated for 30 min. 25 pi of calibrator dilutions or samples (serum orEDTA plasma) are dispensed into each well and incubated with shaking atRT.

After washing, detection antibody is added and incubated with shakingfor 1 h at RT. After washing and the addition of MSD Read buffer(R92TC-2), the plate is read on an MSD SECTOR Imager 6000. Plots of thestandard curve and unknown samples are calculated using MSD dataanalysis software.

The examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrativepurposes only and various modifications or changes suggested to personsskilled in the art are to be included within the spirit and purview ofthis application and scope of the appended claims.

Example B-10: Mouse Chronic DSS Colitis Model

The chronic Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS)-induced mouse can be used totest the therapeutic potential of compounds against inflammatory boweldisease (IBD). Chronic colitis can be induced by feeding mice DSS indrinking water. For example, 2% DSS in drinking water for 5 days andregular drinking water for 5 days, then this feeding cycle can berepeated two more times with higher concentrations of DSS, 2.5% and 3%,respectively for a total of three cycles. Colitis develops approximatelyafter the first cycle of DSS feeding, which can be monitored by loss ofbody weight, stool consistency and rectal bleeding. An FXR agonist canbe tested by administering to mice at the same time of starting 2% DSSwater feeding. Alternatively, testing of an FXR agonist can be performedpost the first feeding cycle of 2% DSS water and regular water. Duringthe period of administering the FXR agonist to mice, the therapeuticeffects can be monitored by observations on body weights, stoolconsistency and rectal bleeding. After euthanasia, the diseasedevelopment and effects of the FXR agonist can be further quantified bymeasuring colon weight and length, colon histology by H&E staining forinflammation and structural changes in mucosa, and protein and RNAexpression of genes related to the disease.

Example B-11: Adoptive T-cell Transfer Colitis Mouse Model

The adoptive T-cell transfer colitis model is accepted as a relevantmouse model for human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). To inducecolitis in this model, the CD4 T-lymphocyte population is isolated fromthe spleens of donor mice, subsequently a subpopulation of CD4+CD45RBhigh T-cells is purified by cell sorting using flow cytometry. Thepurified CD4+CD45RB high T-cells are injected into the peritoneal cavityof the recipient SCID mice. Colitis develops approximately three to sixweeks after T-cell transfer, which can be monitored by loss of bodyweight (although loss of body weight can be variable), inconsistentstool or bloody diarrhea. Testing of an FXR agonist can be initiated atthe same time of injecting purified CD4+CD45RB high T-cells to therecipient SCID mice. Alternatively, the FXR agonist can be administeredtwo or three weeks post T-cell transfer, when colitis has alreadydeveloped in the model. During the period of administering the FXRagonist to mice, the therapeutic effects can be monitored byobservations on body weights, stool consistency and rectal bleeding.After euthanasia, the disease development and effects of the FXR agonistcan be further quantified by measuring colon weight and length, colonand ileum histology by H&E staining for inflammation and structuralchanges in mucosa, and protein and RNA expression of genes related tothe disease.

Example B-12: Mdr1a−/− Mouse Model

The Mdr1a−/− mouse model is a spontaneous colitis model that has beenused in testing new therapies for human IBD. Loss of the Mdr1a gene inthis model leads to impaired intestinal barrier function, which resultsin increased infiltration of gut bacteria and subsequent colitis. Underproper housing conditions, Mdr1a−/− mice can develop colitis at about 8to 13 weeks of age. During disease progression, a disease activity index(DAI) summing the clinical observation scores on rectal prolapse, stoolconsistency and rectal bleeding can be used to monitor the disease.Testing of an FXR agonist can be started at the initial stage ofdisease, generally with DAI score less than 1.0. Alternatively,administration of an FXR agonist can be initiated when colitis hasdeveloped, typically with a DAI score above 2.0. Therapeutic effects ofthe FXR agonist can be monitored by measuring the DAI, and testing canbe terminated when desired disease severity has been achieved, generallywith a DAI score around 5.0. After euthanasia, the disease developmentand effects of the FXR agonist can be further quantified by measuringcolon weight and length, colon histology by H&E staining forinflammation and structural changes in mucosa, and protein and RNAexpression of genes related to the disease.

The examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrativepurposes only and various modifications or changes suggested to personsskilled in the art are to be included within the spirit and purview ofthis application and scope of the appended claims.

1-57. (canceled)
 58. A compound that has the structure of Formula (II),or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof:

wherein, X¹ is CH or N; R¹ is H, D, halogen, —CN, —OH, —SH, —N(R¹⁵)₂,—NR¹⁵S(═O)₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl),—S(═O)₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R¹⁵)₂, —OC(O)(C₁-C₄alkyl), —CO₂H,—CO₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —C(═O)N(R¹⁵)₂, —NR¹⁵C(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl),—NR¹⁵C(═O)O(C₁-C₄alkyl), —OC(═O)N(R¹⁵)₂, —NR¹⁵C(═O)N(R¹⁵)₂, C₁-C₄alkyl,C₂-C₄alkenyl, C₂-C₄alkynyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy, C₁-C₄deuteroalkyl,C₁-C₄deuteroalkoxy, C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl, C₁-C₄fluoroalkoxy,C₁-C₄heteroalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted monocyclicC₂-C₅heterocycloalkyl; X² is CR² or N; R² is H, D, halogen, —CN, —OH,—SH, —N(R¹⁵)₂, —NR¹⁵S(═O)₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(C₁-C₄alkyl),—S(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(═O)₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R¹⁵)₂,—OC(O)(C₁-C₄alkyl), —CO₂H, —CO₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —C(═O)N(R¹⁵)₂,—NR¹⁵C(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl), —NR¹⁵C(═O)O(C₁-C₄alkyl), —OC(═O)N(R¹⁵)₂,—NR¹⁵C(═O)N(R¹⁵)₂, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₂-C₄alkenyl, C₂-C₄alkynyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy,C₁-C₄deuteroalkyl, C₁-C₄deuteroalkoxy, C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl,C₁-C₄fluoroalkoxy, or C₁-C₄heteroalkyl, or substituted or unsubstitutedmonocyclic C₂-C₅heterocycloalkyl; or R¹ and R² are taken together withthe intervening atoms to form a substituted or unsubstituted fused5-membered ring or substituted or unsubstituted fused 6-membered ringwith 0-3 N atoms and 0-2 O or S atoms in the ring; X³ is CR³ or N; R³ isH, D, halogen, —CN, —OH, —SH, —N(R¹⁵)₂, —NR¹⁵S(═O)₂(C₁-C₄alkyl),—S(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(═O)₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R¹⁵)₂,—OC(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl), —CO₂H, —CO₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —C(═O)N(R¹⁵)₂,—NR¹⁵C(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl), C₁-C₄alkyl, C₂-C₄alkenyl, C₂-C₄alkynyl,C₁-C₄alkoxy, C₁-C₄deuteroalkyl, C₁-C₄deuteroalkoxy, C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl,C₁-C₄fluoroalkoxy, C₁-C₄heteroalkyl, or substituted or unsubstitutedmonocyclic C₂-C₅heterocycloalkyl; each X⁴ is independently CH or N; R⁴is H; R⁵ is H; or R⁴ and R⁵ are taken together to form a bridge that is—CH₂— or —CH₂CH₂—; each R⁶ is independently H, D, F, —OH, or —CH₃; m is0, 1, or 2; R⁷ is H, D, halogen, —CN, —OH, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₂-C₄alkenyl,C₂-C₄alkynyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy, C₁-C₄deuteroalkyl, C₁-C₄deuteroalkoxy,C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl, C₁-C₄fluoroalkoxy, or C₁-C₄heteroalkyl; L is absent,—O—, —S—, —CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂—, —CH₂O—, —OCH₂—, —CH₂NR¹⁵—, —NR¹⁵CH₂—,—CH═CH—, —C≡C—, —C(═O)NR¹⁵—, —NR¹⁵C(═O)—, —OC(═O)NR¹⁵—, —NR¹⁵C(═O)O—,—NR¹⁵C(═O)NR¹⁵—, —NR¹⁵S(═O)₂—, —NR¹⁵—, cyclopropylene, cyclobutylene orbicyclo[1.1.1]pentylene; R⁸ is H, D, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆deuteroalkyl,C₁-C₆fluoroalkyl, C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, —C(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl),—CO₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —C(═O)N(R¹⁵)₂, —S(═O)₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(═O)₂N(R¹⁵)₂,substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, or substituted orunsubstituted monocyclic C₂-C₆heterocycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted monocyclicheteroaryl; R⁹ is H, D, F or —CH₃; R¹⁰ is —OH; each R¹² is independentlyH, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄deuteroalkyl, C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl, C₁-C₄heteroalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C₂-C₆heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedphenyl, substituted or unsubstituted benzyl, substituted orunsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl; R¹⁴ is C₁-C₄alkyl,C₁-C₄deuteroalkyl, C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl, C₁-C₄heteroalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₂-C₆heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substitutedor unsubstituted benzyl, or substituted or unsubstituted monocyclicheteroaryl; R¹⁵ is H or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆alkyl; eachR¹⁶ is independently H, D, halogen, —CN, —OH, —N(R¹⁵)₂,—NR¹⁵S(═O)₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(C₁-C₄alkyl), —S(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl),—S(═O)₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —C(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl), —OC(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl), —CO₂H,—CO₂(C₁-C₄alkyl), —NR¹⁵C(═O)(C₁-C₄alkyl), —C(═O)N(R¹⁵)₂,—NR¹⁵C(═O)O(C₁-C₄alkyl), —OC(═O)N(R¹⁵)₂, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₂-C₄alkenyl,C₂-C₄alkynyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy, C₁-C₄deuteroalkyl, C₁-C₄deuteroalkoxy,C₁-C₄fluoroalkyl, C₁-C₄fluoroalkoxy, C₁-C₄heteroalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted monocyclicC₂-C₆heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, orsubstituted or unsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl; n is 0, 1, or
 2. 59.The compound of claim 58, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt orsolvate thereof, wherein: L is absent or —C≡C—; R⁴ is H; R⁵ is H; or R⁴and R⁵ are taken together to form a bridge that is —CH₂CH₂—.
 60. Thecompound of claim 59, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvatethereof, wherein the compound has the structure of Formula (III), or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof:


61. The compound of claim 60, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt orsolvate thereof, wherein:

R¹ is H, D, F, Cl, —CN, —OH, —SH, —NH₂, —NH(CH₃), —N(CH₃)₂,—NHS(═O)₂CH₃, —OC(═O)CH₃, —CO₂H, —CO₂CH₃, —NHC(═O)CH₃, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃,—CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, —C(CH₃)₃, —OCH₃,—OCH₂CH₃, —OCH(CH₃)₂, —SCH₃, —SCH₂CH₃, —SCH(CH₃)₂, —CD3, —OCD₃, —CH₂F,—CHF₂, —CF₃, —CH₂CF₃, —OCH₂F, —OCHF₂, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CF₃, —CH₂OH, —CH₂OCH₃,—CH₂OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂NHCH₃, or —CH₂N(CH₃)₂; and R² is H, D, F, Cl,—CN, —OH, —SH, —NH₂, —NH(CH₃), —N(CH₃)₂, —NHS(═O)₂CH₃, —OC(═O)CH₃,—CO₂H, —CO₂CH₃, —NHC(═O)CH₃, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂,—CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, —C(CH₃)₃, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —OCH(CH₃)₂,—SCH₃, —SCH₂CH₃, —SCH(CH₃)₂, —CD3, —OCD₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —CH₂CF₃,—OCH₂F, —OCHF₂, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CF₃, —CH₂OH, —CH₂OCH₃, —CH₂OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂NH₂,—CH₂NHCH₃, or —CH₂N(CH₃)₂.
 62. The compound of claim 61, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein thecompound has the structure of Formula (IV) or Formula (V), or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof:


63. The compound of claim 59, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt orsolvate thereof, wherein the compound has the structure of Formula (VII)or Formula (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvatethereof:


64. The compound of claim 63, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt orsolvate thereof wherein:

R¹ is H, D, F, Cl, —CN, —OH, —SH, —NH₂, —NH(CH₃), —N(CH₃)₂,—NHS(═O)₂CH₃, —OC(═O)CH₃, —CO₂H, —CO₂CH₃, —NHC(═O)CH₃, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃,—CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, —C(CH₃)₃, —OCH₃,—OCH₂CH₃, —OCH(CH₃)₂, —SCH₃, —SCH₂CH₃, —SCH(CH₃)₂, —CD3, —OCD₃, —CH₂F,—CHF₂, —CF₃, —CH₂CF₃, —OCH₂F, —OCHF₂, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CF₃, —CH₂OH, —CH₂OCH₃,—CH₂OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂NHCH₃, or —CH₂N(CH₃)₂; and R² is H, D, F, Cl,—CN, —OH, —SH, —NH₂, —NH(CH₃), —N(CH₃)₂, —NHS(═O)₂CH₃, —OC(═O)CH₃,—CO₂H, —CO₂CH₃, —NHC(═O)CH₃, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂,—CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, —C(CH₃)₃, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —OCH(CH₃)₂,—SCH₃, —SCH₂CH₃, —SCH(CH₃)₂, —CD3, —OCD₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —CH₂CF₃,—OCH₂F, —OCHF₂, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CF₃, —CH₂OH, —CH₂OCH₃, —CH₂OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂NH₂,—CH₂NHCH₃, or —CH₂N(CH₃)₂.
 65. The compound of claim 62, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

R¹ is H, D, F, Cl, —CN, —OH, —SH, —NH₂, —NH(CH₃), —N(CH₃)₂, —CH₃,—CH₂CH₃, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —SCH₃, —SCH₂CH₃, —CD3, —OCD₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂,—CF₃, —CH₂CF₃, —OCH₂F, —OCHF₂, —OCF₃, or —OCH₂CF₃; and R² is H, D, F,Cl, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —SCH₃, —SCH₂CH₃, —CD3, —OCD₃, —CH₂F,—CHF₂, —CF₃, —OCH₂F, —OCHF₂, —OCF₃, or —OCH₂CF₃.
 66. The compound ofclaim 62, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,wherein:

R¹ is H, D, F, Cl, —CN, —OH, —SH, —NH₂, —NH(CH₃), —N(CH₃)₂, —CH₃,—CH₂CH₃, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —SCH₃, —SCH₂CH₃, —CD3, —OCD₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂,—CF₃, —CH₂CF₃, —OCH₂F, —OCHF₂, —OCF₃, or —OCH₂CF₃; and R² is H, D, F,Cl, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —SCH₃, —SCH₂CH₃, —CD3, —OCD₃, —CH₂F,—CHF₂, —CF₃, —OCH₂F, —OCHF₂, —OCF₃, or —OCH₂CF₃.
 67. The compound ofclaim 62, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,wherein: R⁸ is H, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃,—CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, —C(CH₃)₃, —CD3, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃,—CH₂CF₃, —CHFCH₃, —CH₂CH₂F, —CH₂CH₂OH, —CH₂CH₂OCH₃, —CH₂CH₂NH₂,—CH₂CH₂NHCH₃, —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)₂, substituted or unsubstituted cyclopropyl,substituted or unsubstituted cyclobutyl, substituted or unsubstitutedcyclopentyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl, substituted orunsubstituted oxetanyl, substituted or unsubstituted tetrahydrofuranyl,or substituted or unsubstituted tetrahydropyranyl.
 68. The compound ofclaim 67, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,wherein: each R¹⁶ is independently H, D, F, Cl, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃,—CH(CH₃)₂, —C(CH₃)₃, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —OCH(CH₃)₂, —SCH₃, —SCH₂CH₃,—SCH(CH₃)₂, —CD3, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —CH₂CF₃, substituted orunsubstituted cyclopropyl, or substituted or unsubstituted cyclobutyl.69. The compound of claim 58, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt orsolvate thereof, wherein the compound has the structure of Formula (XI),or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof:


70. The compound of claim 69, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt orsolvate thereof, wherein: R¹ is —OH, —SH, —NH₂, —NH(CH₃), —N(CH₃)₂,—CH₃, —OCH₃, —SCH₃, —CD3, —OCD₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —OCH₂F, —OCHF₂,—OCF₃, or —OCH₂CF₃; R² is H, D, F, Cl, —CH₃, —CD3, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, or—CF₃; R⁸ is H, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃,—CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, —C(CH₃)₃, —CD3, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃,—CH₂CF₃, —CHFCH₃, —CH₂CH₂F, —CH₂CH₂OH, —CH₂CH₂OCH₃, —CH₂CH₂NH₂,—CH₂CH₂NHCH₃, —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)₂, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl,cyclohexyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, or tetrahydropyranyl; and R¹⁰is —OH.
 71. A compound that is:trans-4-Hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(4-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-N-((trans-4-(3-Cyano-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(1-ethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-4-Hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-N-(3-(1-Ethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-N-((trans-4-(3-Cyano-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-4-hydroxy-N-(3-(1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-N-((trans-4-(3-Cyano-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(1-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-N-(3-(1-(2,2-Difluoroethyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-4-Hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(1-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-N-(4-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-N-(4-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-4-hydroxy-N-((4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-4-Hydroxy-N-(4-(1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-((4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-N-(3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-4-Hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-4-Hydroxy-N-(3-(1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-4-Hydroxy-N-(3-(1-isobutyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-4-Hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(1-propyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-4-Hydroxy-N-(3-(1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-N-(3-(1-(2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-4-Hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-N-(3-(1-Cyclobutyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-4-Hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(1-(oxetan-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-4-Hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-N-(3-(1-(Difluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-N-(3-(1-(2-Fluoroethyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-N-(3-(1-(sec-Butyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-N-(3-((1H-Pyrazol-4-yl)ethynyl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-4-Hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)ethynyl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-N-(3-((1H-Pyrazol-3-yl)ethynyl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-N-(3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(3-fluoro-1-methyl-1H-indazol-5-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-4-Hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-N-(3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(6-(dimethylamino)pyridin-3-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-N-((trans-4-(3-Chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(1-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-N-(3-(1-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-N-((trans-4-(6-Cyano-5-methoxypyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(1-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-N-((trans-4-(Benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(1-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-4-Hydroxy-N-(3-(1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-N-(3-(1-(tert-Butyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-N-(4-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-N-((trans-4-(5-chloro-6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(3-(1-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-4-Hydroxy-N-(4-(1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-N-(3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(6-methoxy-5-methylpyridin-3-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-N-((trans-4-(3-Cyano-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(4-(1-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-N-((trans-4-(3-Cyano-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-4-hydroxy-N-(4-(1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-N-(3-(1-(tert-Butyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-N-(3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(1-ethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-N-(3-(1-Cyclobutyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-N-(3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(5-methoxy-4-methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-4-Hydroxy-N-(4-(1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-((trans-4-(5-methoxy-6-methylpyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-N-((trans-4-(6-Cyano-5-methoxypyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-4-hydroxy-N-(4-(1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-N-(3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(1-methyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-5-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-N-((trans-4-(6-Cyano-5-methoxypyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-N-(4-(1-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-N-((trans-4-(6-Cyano-5-methoxypyridin-2-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-4-hydroxy-N-(3-(1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;N-(3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;cis-N-(3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-N-(4-(1-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-N-(3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-N-(3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((4-(6-(dimethylamino)pyridin-3-yl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl)methyl)-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-4-Hydroxy-N-(3-(1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-4-Amino-N-(3-(1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-4-Amino-N-(3-(1-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;trans-N-(3-(1-Cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-4-hydroxy-N-((trans-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;(1r,4r)-4-Hydroxy-N-(3-(1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-4-methylcyclohexanecarboxamide(1s,4s)-4-Hydroxy-N-(3-(1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-N-((trans-4-(4-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-4-methylcyclohexanecarboxamidetrans-4-Hydroxy-N-(4-(1-Isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-((trans-4-(6-methoxy-5-methylpyridin-3-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamidetrans-N-((trans-4-(5-Chloro-6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)cyclohexyl)methyl)-4-hydroxy-N-(4-(1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)cyclohexanecarboxamide;or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof.
 72. Apharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 58, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof, and at least onepharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 73. A method of treating a liverdisease or condition in a mammal, comprising administering to the mammala compound of claim 58, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvatethereof, wherein the liver disease or condition is primary biliarycirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, cholestasis, nonalcoholicsteatohepatitis (NASH), or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). 74.A method of treating fatty liver in a mammal, comprising administeringto the mammal a compound of claim 58, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt or solvate thereof.
 75. A method of treating or preventing agastrointestinal disease or condition in a mammal, comprisingadministering to the mammal a compound of claim 58, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof; wherein thegastrointestinal disease or condition is necrotizing enterocolitis,gastritis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, inflammatory boweldisease, irritable bowel syndrome, gastroenteritis, radiation inducedenteritis, pseudomembranous colitis, chemotherapy induced enteritis,gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer, non-ulcerdyspepsia (NUD), celiac disease, post-surgical inflammation, gastriccarcinogenesis, graft versus host disease or any combination thereof.76. The method of claim 53, wherein the gastrointestinal disease orcondition is irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D), irritablebowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C), mixed IBS (IBS-M), unsubtypedIBS (IBS-U), or bile acid diarrhea (BAD).
 77. The method of claim 73,further comprising administering at least one additional therapeuticagent.